Table 1 Demographic characteristics of sample respondents

Age, years

 Mean (SD)

40.7 (15.1)

42.5 (15.3)

40.7 (14.8)

 Min–Max

18.0–85.0

18.0–89.0

18.0–90.0

Sex, n (%)

 Male

403 (41.8%)

348 (36.8%)

389 (41.7%)

 Female

561 (58.2%)

597 (63.2%)

544 (58.3%)

 Total

964 (100.0%)

945 (100.0%)

933 (100.0%)

Ethnicity, n (%)

 Asian

3 (0.3%)

593 (62.8%)

0

 Black

0

1 (0.1%)

0

 Caucasian/ White

961 (99.7%)

349 (36.9%)

933 (100.0%)

 Other

0

2 (0.2%)

0

 Total

964 (100.0%)

945 (100.0%)

933 (100.0%)

BMI, kg/m² (overall population)

 Mean (SD)

25.0 (5.1)

25.7 (5.1)

26.4 (5.3)

 Min–Max

15.8–51.7

15.8–43.4

13.9–48.8

BMI category, n (%)

 < 25 kg/m²

526 (54.6%)

495 (52.4%)

419 (45.1%)

 ≥ 25 kg/m²

437 (45.4%)

449 (47.6%)

511 (54.9%)

 Total

963 (100.0%)

944 (100.0%)

930 (100.0%)

BMI, kg/m², in males

 Mean (SD)

25.5 (4.3)

25.7 (4.4)

26.0 (4.5)

 BMI ≥ 25, n/N (%)

210/403 (52.1%)

165/347 (47.6%)

212/389 (54.5%)

BMI, kg/m², in females

 Mean (SD)

24.7 (5.5)

25.6 (5.5)

26.7 (5.8)

 BMI ≥ 25, n/N (%)

227/560 (40.5%)

284/597 (47.6%)

299/541 (55.3%)

Smoking status, n/N (%)

 Never smoked

629/954 (65.9%)

564/944 (59.7%)

690/933 (74.0%)

 Current/past smoker

325/954 (34.1%)

380/944 (40.3%)

243/933 (26.0%)

COPD diagnosis (post-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC < 0.7), n/N (%)

30/939 (3.2%)

63/945 (6.7%)

35/933 (3.8%)

FEV₁/FVC < 0.7 in males, n/N (%)

18/395 (4.6%)

42/348 (12.1%)

21/389 (5.4%)

FEV₁/FVC < 0.7 in females, n/N (%)

12/544 (2.2%)

21/597 (3.5%)

14/544 (2.6%)

Stage I: Mild, n/N (%)

13/939 (1.4%)

26/945 (2.8%)

13/933 (1.4%)

Stage II: Moderate, n/N (%)

17/939 (1.8%)

37/945 (3.9%)

22/933 (2.4%)

Bronchial asthma (based on reported wheezing), n/N (%)

70/941 (7.4%)

237/930 (25.5%)

115/932 (12.3%)

Allergic rhinitis (by definition*), n/N (%)

43/963 (4.5%)

92/945 (9.7%)

80/933 (8.6%)