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Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants

From: Sex differences in risk factors for depressive symptoms in patients with COPD: The 2014 and 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

 

With depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 5)

Without depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 < 5)

Total participants

P value

(N = 156)

(N = 721)

(N = 877)

Sex

   

< 0.001

Male

82 (52.6)

545 (75.6)

627 (71.5)

 

Female

74 (47.4)

176 (24.4)

250 (28.5)

 

Age (years, mean ± SD)

67.2 ± 9.5

65.9 ± 9.5

66.1 ± 9.5

0.125

Age (years)

   

0.336

40–49

9 (5.8)

54 (7.5)

63 (7.2)

 

50–59

22 (14.1)

118 (16.4)

140 (16.0)

 

60–69

50 (32.0)

259 (35.9)

309 (35.2)

 

≥ 70

75 (48.1)

290 (40.2)

365 (41.6)

 

Educational attainment

   

< 0.001

Elementary school or below

82 (52.6)

255 (35.4)

337 (38.4)

 

Middle school

23 (14.7)

140 (19.4)

163 (18.6)

 

High school

33 (21.2)

194 (26.9)

227 (25.9)

 

College or above

18 (11.5)

132 (18.3)

150 (17.1)

 

Equalized household income

   

< 0.001

Quartile 1 (low)

79 (50.6)

215 (29.8)

294 (33.5)

 

Quartile 2

37 (23.7)

206 (28.6)

243 (27.7)

 

Quartile 3

21 (13.5)

142 (19.7)

163 (18.6)

 

Quartile 4 (high)

19 (12.2)

158 (21.9)

177 (20.2)

 

Living status

   

< 0.001

Living together

102 (65.4)

614 (85.2)

716 (81.6)

 

Living alone

54 (34.6)

107 (14.8)

161 (18.4)

 

Economic activity

   

0.006

Employed

65 (41.7)

390 (54.1)

455 (51.9)

 

Unemployed

91 (58.3)

331 (45.9)

422 (48.1)

 

Residential area

   

0.176

Urban

69 (44.2)

274 (38.0)

343 (39.1)

 

Rural

87 (55.8)

447 (62.0)

534 (60.9)

 

Alcohol consumption status

   

0.037

Never drinker

26 (16.7)

95 (13.2)

121 (13.8)

 

Former drinker

62 (39.7)

230 (31.9)

292 (33.3)

 

Current drinker

68 (43.6)

396 (54.9)

464 (52.9)

 

Smoking status

   

< 0.001

Never smoker

69 (44.3)

234 (32.5)

303 (34.6)

 

Former smoker

40 (25.6)

310 (43.0)

350 (39.9)

 

Current smoker

47 (30.1)

177 (24.5)

224 (25.5)

 

Chronic medical diseases

   

0.465

None

76 (48.7)

364 (50.5)

440 (50.2)

 

One

50 (32.1)

247 (34.2)

297 (33.9)

 

Two or more

30 (19.2)

110 (15.3)

140 (15.9)

 

BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD)

23.3 ± 3.3

24.0 ± 2.9

23.8 ± 3.0

0.024

BMI

   

< 0.001

Underweight

12 (7.7)

14 (1.9)

26 (3.0)

 

Normal weight

62 (39.7)

258 (35.8)

320 (36.5)

 

Overweight

34 (21.8)

198 (27.5)

232 (26.4)

 

Obesity

48 (30.8)

251 (34.8)

299 (34.1)

 

GOLD stage

   

0.019

Stage 1

75 (48.1)

373 (51.7)

448 (51.1)

 

Stage 2

67 (43.0)

321 (44.5)

388 (44.2)

 

Stage 3 and 4

14 (8.9)

27 (3.8)

41 (4.7)

 
  1. Data are presented as numbers (%) or mean ± SD
  2. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant (bold) for all analyses
  3. PHQ-9, patient health questionnaire-9; BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; GOLD, global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease
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