Table 2 Results of the relative risk regression analysis for the associated factors with depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 5)
RR | 95% CI | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 1.00 | |||
Female | 2.38 | 1.55 | 3.66 | < 0.001 |
Age (years) | ||||
40–49 | 1.00 | |||
50–59 | 0.95 | 0.45 | 1.98 | 0.886 |
60–69 | 0.88 | 0.43 | 1.80 | 0.728 |
≥ 70 | 0.89 | 0.42 | 1.88 | 0.750 |
Educational attainment | ||||
Elementary school or below | 1.00 | |||
Middle school | 0.73 | 0.47 | 1.14 | 0.167 |
High school | 0.76 | 0.50 | 1.15 | 0.200 |
College or above | 0.80 | 0.46 | 1.39 | 0.426 |
Equalized household income | ||||
Quartile 1 (low) | 1.00 | |||
Quartile 2 | 0.79 | 0.54 | 1.16 | 0.234 |
Quartile 3 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 1.08 | 0.104 |
Quartile 4 (high) | 0.57 | 0.33 | 0.97 | 0.039 |
Living status | ||||
Living together | 1.00 | |||
Living alone | 1.46 | 1.08 | 1.97 | 0.013 |
Economic activity | ||||
Employed | 1.00 | |||
Unemployed | 1.06 | 0.78 | 1.45 | 0.695 |
Residential area | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | |||
Rural | 0.78 | 0.59 | 1.03 | 0.080 |
Alcohol consumption status | ||||
Never drinker | 1.00 | |||
Former drinker | 1.08 | 0.72 | 1.63 | 0.713 |
Current drinker | 1.09 | 0.71 | 1.69 | 0.688 |
Smoking status | ||||
Never smoker | 1.00 | |||
Former smoker | 1.23 | 0.75 | 2.02 | 0.412 |
Current smoker | 1.70 | 1.15 | 2.52 | 0.008 |
Chronic medical diseases | ||||
None | 1.00 | |||
One | 0.91 | 0.65 | 1.28 | 0.598 |
Two or more | 1.01 | 0.68 | 1.51 | 0.947 |
BMI | ||||
Underweight | 1.58 | 1.00 | 2.49 | 0.049 |
Normal weight | 1.00 | |||
Overweight | 0.75 | 0.51 | 1.10 | 0.145 |
Obesity | 0.82 | 0.58 | 1.17 | 0.275 |
GOLD stage | ||||
Stage 1 | 1.00 | |||
Stage 2 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 1.34 | 0.957 |
Stage 3 and 4 | 1.92 | 1.19 | 3.09 | 0.007 |