BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Table 2 Results of the relative risk regression analysis for the associated factors with depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 5)

From: Sex differences in risk factors for depressive symptoms in patients with COPD: The 2014 and 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

	RR	95% CI		P value
Sex
Male	1.00
Female	2.38	1.55	3.66	< 0.001
Age (years)
40–49	1.00
50–59	0.95	0.45	1.98	0.886
60–69	0.88	0.43	1.80	0.728
≥ 70	0.89	0.42	1.88	0.750
Educational attainment
Elementary school or below	1.00
Middle school	0.73	0.47	1.14	0.167
High school	0.76	0.50	1.15	0.200
College or above	0.80	0.46	1.39	0.426
Equalized household income
Quartile 1 (low)	1.00
Quartile 2	0.79	0.54	1.16	0.234
Quartile 3	0.67	0.42	1.08	0.104
Quartile 4 (high)	0.57	0.33	0.97	0.039
Living status
Living together	1.00
Living alone	1.46	1.08	1.97	0.013
Economic activity
Employed	1.00
Unemployed	1.06	0.78	1.45	0.695
Residential area
Urban	1.00
Rural	0.78	0.59	1.03	0.080
Alcohol consumption status
Never drinker	1.00
Former drinker	1.08	0.72	1.63	0.713
Current drinker	1.09	0.71	1.69	0.688
Smoking status
Never smoker	1.00
Former smoker	1.23	0.75	2.02	0.412
Current smoker	1.70	1.15	2.52	0.008
Chronic medical diseases
None	1.00
One	0.91	0.65	1.28	0.598
Two or more	1.01	0.68	1.51	0.947
BMI
Underweight	1.58	1.00	2.49	0.049
Normal weight	1.00
Overweight	0.75	0.51	1.10	0.145
Obesity	0.82	0.58	1.17	0.275
GOLD stage
Stage 1	1.00
Stage 2	0.99	0.74	1.34	0.957
Stage 3 and 4	1.92	1.19	3.09	0.007

A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant (bold) for all analyses
PHQ-9, Patient health questionnaire-9; BMI, body mass index; GOLD, global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval

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ISSN: 1471-2466

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