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Table 3 Results of the relative risk regression analysis for the associated factors with depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 5) stratified by sex

From: Sex differences in risk factors for depressive symptoms in patients with COPD: The 2014 and 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

 

Male

Female

N = 627

N = 250

RR

95% CI

P value

RR

95% CI

P value

Age (years)

        

40–49

1.00

   

1.00

   

50–59

1.10

0.39

3.07

0.861

0.75

0.23

2.42

0.627

60–69

1.26

0.49

3.23

0.634

0.48

0.14

1.66

0.244

≥ 70

0.98

0.36

2.61

0.960

0.76

0.20

2.81

0.677

Educational attainment

        

Elementary school or below

1.00

   

1.00

   

Middle school

0.94

0.50

1.77

0.851

0.50

0.23

1.09

0.080

High school

1.49

0.87

2.55

0.151

0.28

0.11

0.69

0.006

College or above

1.84

0.93

3.63

0.078

0.24

0.07

0.84

0.025

Equalized household income

        

Quartile 1 (low)

1.00

   

1.00

   

Quartile 2

0.50

0.29

0.89

0.017

1.39

0.79

2.44

0.254

Quartile 3

0.53

0.28

0.98

0.041

0.76

0.33

1.74

0.510

Quartile 4 (high)

0.24

0.10

0.57

0.001

1.37

0.69

2.71

0.368

Living status

        

Living together

1.00

   

1.00

   

Living alone

1.97

1.18

3.28

0.009

1.32

0.81

2.16

0.269

Economic activity

        

Employed

1.00

   

1.00

   

Unemployed

0.86

0.54

1.38

0.534

1.36

0.83

2.24

0.223

Residential area

        

Urban

1.00

   

1.00

   

Rural

0.97

0.64

1.46

0.889

0.56

0.36

0.88

0.012

Alcohol consumption status

        

Never drinker

1.00

   

1.00

   

Former drinker

1.71

0.71

4.15

0.234

1.12

0.65

1.93

0.677

Current drinker

1.59

0.67

3.80

0.295

1.06

0.51

2.20

0.874

Smoking status

        

Never smoker

1.00

   

1.00

   

Former smoker

0.91

0.44

1.88

0.805

1.78

0.54

5.91

0.342

Current smoker

1.56

0.76

3.21

0.228

1.51

0.76

2.99

0.233

Chronic medical diseases

        

None

1.00

   

1.00

   

One

1.36

0.84

2.20

0.212

0.64

0.35

1.16

0.138

Two or more

2.04

1.15

3.63

0.015

0.56

0.27

1.15

0.113

BMI

        

Underweight

3.35

1.16

9.68

0.026

1.41

0.58

3.45

0.445

Normal weight

1.00

   

1.00

   

Overweight

0.99

0.58

1.67

0.968

0.66

0.33

1.29

0.219

Obesity

0.89

0.54

1.46

0.640

0.61

0.32

1.13

0.113

GOLD stage

        

Stage 1

1.00

   

1.00

   

Stage 2

0.70

0.45

1.09

0.115

1.37

0.82

2.26

0.225

Stage 3 and 4

1.53

0.78

2.99

0.214

2.50

0.89

7.08

0.083

  1. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant (bold) for all analyses
  2. PHQ-9, patient health questionnaire-9; BMI, body mass index; GOLD, global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval
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