Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to smoking status (N = 12,919)

Population size

54,021,767

28,005,146

23,324,272

1,632,492

Men

19.2 (18.1–20.4)

93.6 (92.6–94.5)

89.8 (88.5–91.0)

95.0 (89.9–97.6)

Age (years)

40–49

38.2 (36.6–39.8)

28.8 (26.9–30.8)

46.2 (43.8–48.7)

68.9 (60.3–76.3)

50–59

31.8 (30.5–33.1)

32.0 (30.0–34.0)

35.1 (32.8–37.4)

24.3 (17.5–32.5)

60–69

19.7 (18.5–21.0)

22.8 (21.3–24.4)

13.0 (11.7–14.4)

3.2 (1.7–5.9)

 ≥ 70

10.2 (9.4–11.2)

16.4 (15.0–17.8)

5.7 (4.8–6.8)

3.6 (1.5–8.7)

Residence

Urban

85.1 (82.9–87.0)

83.7 (81.3–85.9)

82.4 (79.5–85.0)

86.9 (80.0–91.7)

Rural

14.9 (13.0–17.1)

16.3 (14.1–18.7)

17.6 (15.0–20.5)

13.1 (8.3–20.0)

Education

Middle school or lower

32.3 (30.7–33.9)

26.1 (24.2–28.1)

21.0 (19.2–23.0)

14.9 (9.3–23.2)

High school

34.8 (33.3–36.3)

34.0 (32.0–36.1)

41.3 (39.1–43.7)

38.5 (30.1–47.7)

College or more

32.9 (31.2–34.7)

39.9 (37.6–42.3)

37.6 (35.2–40.2)

46.5 (37.8–55.5)

Household income

Lowest

13.9 (12.9–15.5)

14.8 (13.4–16.4)

13.5 (12.0–15.2)

6.1 (3.0–11.9)

Lower middle

23.4 (22.1–24.7)

23.1 (21.5–24.9)

25.0 (23.0–27.1)

27.4 (19.9–36.4)

Higher middle

27.6 (26.2–29.0)

27.1 (25.3–29.0)

30.7 (28.5–33.0)

34.1 (26.1–43.0)

Highest

35.1 (33.4–36.9)

34.9 (32.7–37.2)

30.7 (28.4–33.2)

32.4 (24.6–41.3)

High-risk drinking^a

 < 1/week

87.7 (86.7–88.6)

61.1 (59.1–63.1)

50.1 (47.8–52.4)

49.4 (40.7–58.1)

 ≥ 1/week

12.3 (11.4–13.3)

38.9 (36.9–40.9)

49.9 (47.6–52.2)

50.6 (41.9–59.3)

BMI (kg/m²)

 < 0.001

 < 23

41.3 (39.8–42.7)

29.2 (27.5–31.0)

34.9 (32.7–37.1)

26.6 (19.6–35.0)

23–24.9

25.4 (24.2–26.6)

28.4 (26.7–30.2)

27.1 (25.0–29.3)

29.7 (22.6–38.0)

 ≥ 25

33.3 (32.0–34.7)

42.4 (40.4–44.4)

38.0 (35.8–40.3)

43.7 (35.0–52.8)

Urine cotinine (ng/mL)

17.0 (11.8–22.1)

44.5 (29.2–59.9)

1320.5 (1259.3–1381.7)

1617.9 (1391.8–1844.2)

Urine NNAL (pg/mL)

4.4 (2.3–6.4)

5.1 (3.8–6.3)

190.9 (171.7–209.9)

187.3 (134.2–240.3)