|
Age group
|
|
45–64
|
339 (13.5%)
|
53 (13.2%)
|
− 0.009
|
55 (13.7%)
|
53 (13.2%)
|
− 0.015
|
|
65–74
|
713 (28.4%)
|
163 (40.5%)
|
0.258
|
162 (40.3%)
|
163 (40.5%)
|
0.005
|
|
75 +
|
1459 (58.1%)
|
186 (46.3%)
|
− 0.239
|
185 (46.0%)
|
186 (46.3%)
|
0.005
|
|
Gender
|
|
Female
|
1182 (47.1%)
|
125 (31.1%)
|
− 0.332
|
132 (32.8%)
|
125 (31.1%)
|
− 0.037
|
|
Male
|
1329 (52.9%)
|
277 (68.9%)
|
0.332
|
270 (67.2%)
|
277 (68.9%)
|
0.037
|
|
Race
|
|
White
|
1676 (66.7%)
|
293 (72.9%)
|
0.134
|
290 (72.1%)
|
293 (72.9%)
|
0.017
|
|
Black
|
365 (14.5%)
|
33 (8.2%)
|
− 0.200
|
40 (10.0%)
|
33 (8.2%)
|
− 0.061
|
|
Hispanic
|
311 (12.4%)
|
47 (11.7%)
|
− 0.021
|
48 (11.9%)
|
47 (11.7%)
|
− 0.008
|
|
Other
|
159 (6.3%)
|
29 (7.2%)
|
0.035
|
24 (6.0%)
|
29 (7.2%)
|
0.050
|
|
Census region
|
|
Midwest
|
704 (28.0%)
|
110 (27.4%)
|
− 0.015
|
103 (26.5%)
|
110 (27.4%)
|
0.039
|
|
Northeast
|
399 (15.9%)
|
56 (13.9%)
|
− 0.055
|
61 (15.2%)
|
56 (13.9%)
|
− 0.035
|
|
South
|
1184 (47.2%)
|
201 (50.0%)
|
0.057
|
208 (51.7%)
|
201 (50.0%)
|
− 0.035
|
|
West
|
224 (8.9%)
|
35 (8.7%)
|
− 0.008
|
30 (7.5%)
|
35 (8.7%)
|
0.046
|
|
Baseline comorbidities
|
|
Cardiac Arrhythmia
|
1037 (41.3%)
|
129 (32.1%)
|
− 0.192
|
113 (28.1%)
|
129 (32.1%)
|
0.087
|
|
Congestive Heart Failure
|
976 (38.9%)
|
108 (26.9%)
|
− 0.257
|
97 (24.1%)
|
108 (26.9%)
|
0.063
|
|
Other Chronic Pulmonary Conditions
|
1833 (73.0%)
|
260 (64.7%)
|
− 0.180
|
261 (65.0%)
|
260 (64.7%)
|
− 0.005
|
|
Depression
|
501 (20.0%)
|
72 (17.9%)
|
− 0.052
|
68 (16.9%)
|
72 (17.9%)
|
0.026
|
|
Diabetes
|
973 (38.7%)
|
146 (36.3%)
|
− 0.050
|
136 (33.8%)
|
146 (36.3%)
|
0.052
|
|
Hypertension
|
1934 (77.0%)
|
279 (69.4%)
|
− 0.173
|
275 (68.4%)
|
279 (69.4%)
|
0.021
|
|
Pulmonary Circulation Disorder
|
644 (25.6%)
|
112 (27.9%)
|
0.050
|
112 (27.9%)
|
112 (27.9%)
|
0.000
|
|
Renal Failure
|
603 (24.0%)
|
72 (17.9%)
|
− 0.150
|
70 (17.4%)
|
72 (17.9%)
|
0.013
|
|
Solid Tumor without Metastasis
|
347 (13.8%)
|
59 (14.7%)
|
0.025
|
65 (16.2%)
|
59 (14.7%)
|
− 0.041
|
|
Valvular Disease
|
642 (25.6%)
|
70 (17.4%)
|
− 0.199
|
74 (18.4%)
|
70 (17.4%)
|
− 0.026
|
|
Elixhauser comorbidity index
|
|
Mean (SD)
|
5.7 (3.4)
|
4.7 (2.8)
|
− 0.344
|
4.5 (2.9)
|
4.7 (2.8)
|
0.062
|
|
Median
|
5.0
|
4.0
|
−
|
4.0
|
4.0
|
–
|
|
Q1, Q3
|
3.0, 8.0
|
3.0, 6.0
|
−
|
2.0, 6.0
|
3.0, 6.0
|
–
|
|
N hospitalizations in baseline
|
|
0
|
1452 (57.8%)
|
315 (78.4%)
|
0.452
|
316 (78.6%)
|
315 (78.4%)
|
− 0.006
|
|
1
|
662 (26.4%)
|
70 (17.4%)
|
− 0.218
|
73 (18.2%)
|
70 (17.4%)
|
− 0.020
|
|
2 +
|
397 (15.8%)
|
17 (4.2%)
|
− 0.393
|
13 (3.2%)
|
17 (4.2%)
|
0.053
|
|
Year of hospitalization
|
|
2015
|
561 (22.3%)
|
36 (9.0%)
|
− 0.375
|
37 (9.2%)
|
36 (9.0%)
|
− 0.009
|
|
2016
|
604 (24.1%)
|
115 (28.6%)
|
0.104
|
127 (31.6%)
|
115 (28.6%)
|
− 0.065
|
|
2017
|
661 (26.3%)
|
131 (32.6%)
|
0.138
|
118 (29.4%)
|
131 (32.6%)
|
0.070
|
|
2018
|
685 (27.3%)
|
120 (29.9%)
|
0.057
|
120 (29.9%)
|
120 (29.9%)
|
0.000
|
|
Reason for admission
|
|
Diseases of respiratory system
|
1393 (55.5%)
|
158 (39.3%)
|
− 0.328
|
155 (38.6%)
|
158 (39.3%)
|
0.015
|
|
Diseases affecting the interstitium
|
928 (37.0%)
|
239 (59.5%)
|
0.462
|
243 (60.4%)
|
239 (59.5%)
|
− 0.020
|
|
All other reasons
|
190 (7.6%)
|
5 (1.2%)
|
− 0.312
|
4 (1.0%)
|
5 (1.2%)
|
0.024
|
|
Pulmonologist visit
|
1323 (52.7%)
|
323 (80.3%)
|
0.613
|
322 (80.1%)
|
323 (80.3%)
|
− 0.006
|
|
Smoker
|
1274 (50.7%)
|
198 (49.3%)
|
− 0.030
|
205 (51.1%)
|
198 (49.3%)
|
− 0.035
|
|
Steroid use
|
1351 (53.8%)
|
229 (57.0%)
|
0.064
|
227 (56.5%)
|
229 (57.0%)
|
0.010
|
|
Oxygen use
|
1482 (59.0%)
|
320 (79.6%)
|
0.424
|
310 (77.1%)
|
320 (79.6%)
|
0.006
|
