|
Age group
|
|
45–64
|
287 (14.1%)
|
39 (14.2%)
|
0.006
|
35 (12.8%)
|
39 (14.2%)
|
0.043
|
|
65–74
|
589 (28.9%)
|
111 (40.5%)
|
0.245
|
116 (42.3%)
|
111 (40.5%)
|
− 0.037
|
|
75 +
|
1163 (57.0%)
|
124 (45.3%)
|
− 0.238
|
123 (44.9%)
|
124 (45.3%)
|
0.007
|
|
Gender
|
|
Female
|
905 (44.4%)
|
78 (28.5%)
|
− 0.336
|
85 (31.0%)
|
78 (28.5%)
|
− 0.056
|
|
Male
|
1132 (55.6%)
|
196 (71.5%)
|
0.336
|
189 (69.0%)
|
196 (71.5%)
|
0.056
|
|
Race
|
|
White
|
1304 (64.0%)
|
179 (65.3%)
|
0.027
|
175 (63.9%)
|
179 (65.3%)
|
0.031
|
|
Black
|
168 (8.2%)
|
11 (4.0%)
|
− 0.177
|
13 (4.7%)
|
11 (4.0%)
|
− 0.036
|
|
Hispanic
|
218 (10.7%)
|
31 (11.3%)
|
0.020
|
27 (9.9%)
|
31 (11.3%)
|
0.047
|
|
Other
|
349 (17.1%)
|
53 (19.3%)
|
0.060
|
59 (21.5%)
|
53 (19.3%)
|
− 0.054
|
|
Census region
|
|
Midwest
|
564 (27.7%)
|
71 (25.9%)
|
− 0.040
|
65 (23.7%)
|
71 (25.9%)
|
0.051
|
|
Northeast
|
286 (14.0%)
|
31 (11.3%)
|
− 0.082
|
38 (13.9%)
|
31 (11.3%)
|
− 0.077
|
|
South
|
1008 (49.4%)
|
143 (52.2%)
|
0.056
|
142 (51.8%)
|
143 (52.2%)
|
0.007
|
|
West
|
181 (8.9%)
|
29 (10.6%)
|
0.057
|
29 (10.6%)
|
29 (10.6%)
|
0.000
|
|
Baseline comorbidities
|
|
Cardiac Arrhythmia
|
892 (43.7%)
|
108 (39.4%)
|
− 0.087
|
112 (40.9%)
|
108 (39.4%)
|
− 0.030
|
|
Congestive Heart Failure
|
845 (41.4%)
|
87 (31.8%)
|
− 0.201
|
97 (35.4%)
|
87 (31.8%)
|
− 0.077
|
|
Other Chronic Pulmonary Conditions
|
1568 (76.9%)
|
180 (65.7%)
|
− 0.250
|
185 (67.5%)
|
180 (65.7%)
|
− 0.039
|
|
Depression
|
407 (20.0%)
|
51 (18.6%)
|
− 0.035
|
42 (15.3%)
|
51 (18.6%)
|
0.087
|
|
Diabetes
|
819 (40.2%)
|
104 (38.0%)
|
− 0.044
|
109 (39.8%)
|
104 (38.0%)
|
− 0.037
|
|
Hypertension
|
1600 (78.5%)
|
194 (70.8%)
|
− 0.176
|
200 (73.0%)
|
194 (70.8%)
|
− 0.049
|
|
Pulmonary Circulation Disorder
|
553 (27.1%)
|
86 (31.4%)
|
0.093
|
81 (29.6%)
|
86 (31.4%)
|
0.040
|
|
Renal Failure
|
486 (23.8%)
|
52 (19.0%)
|
− 0.118
|
47 (17.2%)
|
52 (19.0%)
|
0.047
|
|
Solid Tumor without Metastasis
|
302 (14.8%)
|
40 (14.6%)
|
− 0.006
|
38 (13.9%)
|
40 (14.6%)
|
0.021
|
|
Valvular Disease
|
551 (27.0%)
|
58 (21.2%)
|
− 0.135
|
59 (21.5%)
|
58 (21.2%)
|
− 0.009
|
|
Elixhauser comorbidity index
|
|
Mean (SD)
|
5.9 (3.3)
|
5.2 (2.9)
|
− 0.258
|
5.1 (3.2)
|
5.2 (2.9)
|
0.004
|
|
Median
|
6.0
|
5.0
|
−
|
5.0
|
5.0
|
−
|
|
Q1, Q3
|
3.0, 8.0
|
3.0, 7.0
|
−
|
3.0, 7.0
|
3.0, 7.0
|
−
|
|
N hospitalizations in baseline
|
|
0
|
1132 (55.5%)
|
181 (66.1%)
|
0.217
|
178 (65.0%)
|
181 (66.1%)
|
0.023
|
|
1
|
535 (26.2%)
|
67 (24.5%)
|
− 0.042
|
70 (25.5%)
|
67 (24.5%)
|
− 0.025
|
|
2 +
|
372 (18.2%)
|
26 (9.5%)
|
− 0.255
|
26 (9.5%)
|
26 (9.5%)
|
0.000
|
|
Year of hospitalization
|
|
2015
|
448 (22.0%)
|
30 (10.9%)
|
− 0.301
|
30 (10.9%)
|
30 (10.9%)
|
0.000
|
|
2016
|
498 (24.4%)
|
69 (25.2%)
|
0.019
|
72 (26.3%)
|
69 (25.2%)
|
− 0.025
|
|
2017
|
532 (26.1%)
|
84 (30.7%)
|
0.101
|
83 (30.3%)
|
84 (30.7%)
|
0.008
|
|
2018
|
561 (27.5%)
|
91 (33.2%)
|
0.124
|
89 (32.5%)
|
91 (33.2%)
|
0.016
|
|
Reason for admission
|
|
Diseases of respiratory system
|
1352 (66.3%)
|
136 (49.6%)
|
− 0.342
|
136 (49.6%)
|
136 (49.6%)
|
0.000
|
|
Diseases affecting the interstitium
|
523 (25.6%)
|
132 (48.2%)
|
0.479
|
134 (48.9%)
|
132 (48.2%)
|
− 0.015
|
|
All other reasons
|
164 (8.0%)
|
6 (2.2%)
|
− 0.268
|
4 (1.5%)
|
6 (2.2%)
|
0.055
|
|
Pulmonologist visit
|
1136 (55.7%)
|
225 (82.1%)
|
0.595
|
230 (83.9%)
|
225 (82.1%)
|
− 0.049
|
|
Smoker
|
1066 (52.3%)
|
135 (49.3%)
|
− 0.060
|
134 (48.9%)
|
135 (49.3%)
|
0.007
|
|
Steroid use
|
1145 (56.2%)
|
183 (66.8%)
|
0.219
|
188 (68.6%)
|
183 (66.8%)
|
− 0.039
|
|
Oxygen use
|
1249 (61.3%)
|
228 (83.2%)
|
0.430
|
219 (79.9%)
|
228 (83.2%)
|
− 0.027
|
