|
Age group
|
|
45–64
|
119 (15.8%)
|
15 (16.0%)
|
0.003
|
19 (20.2%)
|
15 (16.0%)
|
− 0.111
|
|
65–74
|
248 (33.0%)
|
46 (48.9%)
|
0.328
|
5 (47.9%)
|
46 (48.9%)
|
0.021
|
|
75 +
|
384 (51.1%)
|
33 (35.1%)
|
− 0.328
|
30 (31.9%)
|
33 (35.1%)
|
− 0.068
|
|
Gender
|
|
Female
|
318 (42.3%)
|
26 (27.7%)
|
− 0.312
|
27 (28.7%)
|
26 (27.7%)
|
− 0.024
|
|
Male
|
433 (57.7%)
|
68 (72.3%)
|
0.312
|
67 (71.3%)
|
68 (72.3%)
|
0.024
|
|
Race
|
|
White
|
470 (62.6%)
|
58 (61.7%)
|
− 0.018
|
61 (64.9%)
|
58 (61.7%)
|
− 0.066
|
|
Black
|
75 (10.0%)
|
6 (6.4%)
|
− 0.132
|
3 (3.2%)
|
6 (6.4%)
|
0.150
|
|
Hispanic
|
87 (11.6%)
|
15 (16.0%)
|
0.127
|
13 (13.8%)
|
15 (16.0%)
|
0.060
|
|
Other
|
119 (15.8%)
|
15 (16.0%)
|
0.003
|
17 (18.1%)
|
15 (16.0%)
|
− 0.057
|
|
Census region
|
|
Midwest
|
178 (23.7%)
|
27 (28.7%)
|
0.114
|
30 (31.9%)
|
27 (28.7%)
|
− 0.069
|
|
Northeast
|
113 (15.0%)
|
9 (9.6%)
|
− 0.167
|
12 (12.8%)
|
9 (9.6%)
|
− 0.101
|
|
South
|
402 (53.5%)
|
50 (53.2%)
|
− 0.007
|
43 (45.7%)
|
50 (53.2%)
|
0.149
|
|
West
|
58 (7.7%)
|
8 (8.5%)
|
0.029
|
9 (9.6%)
|
8 (8.5%)
|
− 0.037
|
|
Baseline comorbidities
|
|
Cardiac Arrhythmia
|
350 (46.6%)
|
30 (31.9%)
|
− 0.303
|
30 (31.9%)
|
30 (31.9%)
|
0.000
|
|
Congestive Heart Failure
|
337 (44.9%)
|
28 (29.8%)
|
− 0.315
|
25 (26.6%)
|
28 (29.8%)
|
0.071
|
|
Other Chronic Pulmonary Conditions
|
604 (80.4%)
|
65 (69.1%)
|
− 0.261
|
70 (74.5%)
|
65 (69.1%)
|
− 0.118
|
|
Depression
|
165 (22.0%)
|
22 (23.4%)
|
0.034
|
23 (24.5%)
|
22 (23.4%)
|
− 0.025
|
|
Diabetes
|
310 (41.3%)
|
36 (38.3%)
|
− 0.061
|
38 (40.4%)
|
36 (38.3%)
|
− 0.043
|
|
Hypertension
|
604 (80.4%)
|
65 (69.1%)
|
− 0.261
|
64 (68.1%)
|
65 (69.1%)
|
0.023
|
|
Pulmonary Circulation Disorder
|
216 (28.8%)
|
27 (28.7%)
|
− 0.001
|
25 (26.6%)
|
27 (28.7%)
|
0.047
|
|
Renal Failure
|
184 (24.5%)
|
13 (13.8%)
|
− 0.273
|
14 (14.9%)
|
13 (13.8%)
|
− 0.030
|
|
Solid Tumor without Metastasis
|
119 (15.8%)
|
10 (10.6%)
|
− 0.154
|
9 (9.6%)
|
10 (10.6%)
|
0.035
|
|
Valvular Disease
|
207 (27.6%)
|
19 (20.2%)
|
− 0.173
|
20 (21.3%)
|
19 (20.2%)
|
− 0.026
|
|
Elixhauser comorbidity index
|
|
Mean (SD)
|
6.3 (3.3)
|
4.9 (3.0)
|
− 0.414
|
5.1 (3.2)
|
4.9 (3.0)
|
− 0.061
|
|
Median
|
6.0
|
5.0
|
−
|
4.5
|
5.0
|
−
|
|
Q1, Q3
|
4.0, 9.0
|
3.0, 6.0
|
−
|
3.0, 8.0
|
3.0, 6.0
|
−
|
|
N hospitalizations in baseline
|
|
0
|
383 (51.0%)
|
61 (64.9%)
|
0.284
|
54 (57.4%)
|
61 (64.9%)
|
0.153
|
|
1
|
211 (28.1%)
|
24 (25.5%)
|
− 0.058
|
25 (26.6%)
|
24 (25.5%)
|
− 0.024
|
|
2 +
|
157 (20.9%)
|
9 (9.6%)
|
− 0.319
|
15 (16.0%)
|
9 (9.6%)
|
− 0.192
|
|
Year of hospitalization
|
|
2015
|
176 (23.4%)
|
12 (12.8%)
|
− 0.280
|
10 (10.6%)
|
12 (12.8%)
|
0.066
|
|
2016
|
204 (27.2%)
|
30 (31.9%)
|
0.104
|
29 (30.9%)
|
30 (31.9%)
|
0.023
|
|
2017
|
200 (26.6%)
|
27 (28.7%)
|
0.047
|
31 (33.0%)
|
27 (28.7%)
|
− 0.092
|
|
2018
|
171 (22.8%)
|
25 (26.6%)
|
0.089
|
24 (25.5%)
|
25 (26.6%)
|
0.024
|
|
Reason for admission
|
|
Diseases of respiratory system
|
562 (74.8%)
|
47 (50.0%)
|
− 0.530
|
40 (42.6%)
|
47 (50.0%)
|
0.150
|
|
Diseases affecting the interstitium
|
144 (19.2%)
|
44 (46.8%)
|
0.615
|
49 (52.1%)
|
44 (46.8%)
|
− 0.107
|
|
All other reasons
|
45 (6.0%)
|
3 (3.2%)
|
− 0.134
|
5 (5.3%)
|
3 (3.2%)
|
− 0.106
|
|
Pulmonologist visit
|
408 (54.3%)
|
80 (85.1%)
|
0.709
|
85 (90.4%)
|
80 (85.1%)
|
− 0.162
|
|
Smoker
|
414 (55.1%)
|
46 (48.9%)
|
− 0.124
|
52 (55.3%)
|
46 (48.9%)
|
− 0.127
|
|
Steroid use
|
420 (55.9%)
|
69 (73.4%)
|
0.371
|
69 (73.4%)
|
69 (73.4%)
|
0.000
|
|
Oxygen use
|
484 (64.4%)
|
83 (88.3%)
|
0.433
|
74 (78.7%)
|
83 (88.3%)
|
0.053
|
