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Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the UMEC/VI and TIO cohorts

From: Time-to-first exacerbation, adherence, and medical costs among US patients receiving umeclidinium/vilanterol or tiotropium as initial maintenance therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective cohort study

 

Unmatched cohorts

Propensity score-matched cohorts

UMEC/VI (N = 4932)

TIO (N = 12 997)

Std diffa (%)

UMEC/VI (N = 3929)

TIO (N = 3929)

Std diffa (%)

Post-index eligibility period, days, mean (SD) [median]

692.1 (259.9) [629]

999.8 (419.0) [957]

88.3

729.7 (270.6) [670]

739.3 (278.2) [677]

3.5

On-treatment follow-up period, days, mean (SD) [median]

199.4 (239.1) [90]

150.1 (234.3) [60]

20.9

203.0 (249.0) [90]

139.4 (197.9) [60]

28.3

Variables included in propensity score

Demographicsb

Age, years, mean (SD) [median]

Female, n (%)

70.5 (9.7) [71]

2253 (45.7)

71.9 (9.4) [72]

6432 (49.5)

14.5

7.6

70.9 (9.7) [71]

1844 (46.9)

70.8 (9.5) [71]

1847 (47.0)

0.4

0.2

Year of index date, n (%)

2014

2015

2016

2017

77 (1.6)

639 (13.0)

1349 (27.4)

2867 (58.1)

4568 (35.1)

3485 (26.8)

2476 (19.1)

2468 (19.0)

86.8

34.7

19.7

80.4

77 (2.0)

639 (16.3)

1222 (31.1)

1991 (50.7)

81 (2.1)

642 (16.3)

1269 (32.3)

1937 (49.3)

0.7

0.2

2.6

2.7

Region,b n (%)

South

West

Midwest

Northeast

Unknown

2503 (50.8)

945 (19.2)

1007 (20.4)

466 (9.4)

11 (0.2)

4508 (34.7)

4127 (31.8)

2863 (22.0)

1456 (11.2)

43 (0.3)

32.5

28.9

3.9

5.8

2.1

1786 (45.5)

870 (22.1)

876 (22.3)

390 (9.9)

7 (0.2)

1746 (44.4)

892 (22.7)

892 (22.7)

386 (9.8)

13 (0.3)

2.0

1.3

1.0

0.3

3.0

Insurance plan type,b n (%)

Medicare

Commercial

3905 (79.2)

1027 (20.8)

10 983 (84.5)

2014 (15.5)

13.8

13.8

3183 (81.0)

746 (19.0)

3183 (81.0)

746 (19.0)

0.0

0.0

Quan-CCI,c mean (SD) [median]

3.0 (2.2) [3]

3.1 (2.3) [3]

1.8

3.1 (2.3) [2]

3.0 (2.3) [2]

1.8

COPD-related exacerbationsc

Number of exacerbations, mean (SD) [median]

 Overall

 Moderate

 Severe

0.46 (0.78) [0]

0.33 (0.68) [0]

0.13 (0.38 [0]

0.43 (0.77) [0]

0.24 (0.58) [0]

0.20 (0.47) [0]

3.8

15.6

16.2

0.46 (0.78) [0]

0.30 (0.65) [0]

0.15 (0.41) [0]

0.44 (0.78) [0]

0.30 (0.66) [0]

0.14 (0.38) [0]

1.4

0.7

1.6

Patients with exacerbations, n (%)

 Overall

 Moderate

 Severe

1640 (33.3)

1077 (21.8)

563 (11.4)

4151 (31.9)

1915 (14.7)

2236 (17.2)

2.8

18.4

16.5

1282 (32.6)

754 (19.2)

528 (13.4)

1282 (32.6)

754 (19.2)

528 (13.4)

0.0

0.0

0.0

Respiratory medications,c n (%)

Systemic corticosteroids

SABA

SAMA/SABA

Montelukast

SAMA

Methylxanthines

Chronic antibiotic (≥ 6 months of continuous use)

N-acetylcysteine

PDE-4 inhibitor

2325 (47.1)

2026 (41.1)

480 (9.7)

235 (4.8)

79 (1.6)

28 (0.6)

11 (0.2)

5 (0.1)

3 (0.1)

5036 (38.7)

4244 (32.7)

1086 (8.4)

377 (2.9)

245 (1.9)

51 (0.4)

26 (0.2)

11 (0.1)

18 (0.1)

17.0

17.5

4.8

9.7

2.2

2.5

0.5

0.5

2.5

1754 (44.6)

1508 (38.4)

371 (9.4)

181 (4.6)

68 (1.7)

19 (0.5)

8 (0.2)

5 (0.1)

1 (0.0)

1770 (45.0)

1536 (39.1)

365 (9.3)

152 (3.9)

70 (1.8)

16 (0.4)

10 (0.3)

3 (0.1)

4 (0.1)

0.8

1.5

0.5

3.7

0.4

1.1

1.1

1.6

3.0

COPD-related HCRU,c mean (SD) [median]

 Hospitalizations

 ER visits

 Outpatient visits

 Other visits

0.21 (0.54) [0]

0.24 (0.85) [0]

3.0 (5.8) [2]

1.5 (4.1) [0]

0.34 (0.72) [0]

0.27 (0.96) [0]

2.3 (6.1) [1]

1.9 (5.0) [0]

21.1

3.6

10.7

9.4

0.25 (0.59) [0]

0.25 (0.91) [0]

2.9 (5.6) [1]

1.5 (4.2) [0]

0.24 (0.52) [0]

0.26 (0.82) [0]

2.7 (6.9) [1]

1.6 (4.4) [0]

2.4

0.5

2.8

2.2

COPD-related medical costs,c $US 2019, mean (SD)

 Total medical costs

 Hospitalizations

 ER visits

 Outpatient visits

 Other visits

8167 (23 213)

4650 (19 645)

1113 (5307)

2130 (7809)

274 (1337)

11 458 (29 315)

7839 (24 071)

1546 (9618)

1720 (9639)

353 (1461)

12.4

14.5

5.6

4.7

5.6

9042 (25 234)

5552 (21 675)

1201 (5737)

2006 (7594)

284 (1412)

8642 (20 558)

5230 (16 708)

1187 (6207)

1910 (8931)

315 (1838)

1.7

1.7

0.2

1.2

1.9

Elixhauser comorbidities n (%)

 Chronic pulmonary disease

 Hypertension

4522 (91.7)

3733 (75.7)

11 417 (87.8)

9664 (74.4)

12.7

3.1

3539 (90.1)

2974 (75.7)

3548 (90.3)

2974 (75.2)

0.8

1.1

  1. aFor continuous variables, the standardized difference was calculated by dividing the absolute difference in means of the control and the case by the pooled standard deviation of both cohorts. The pooled standard deviation is the square root of the average of the squared standard deviations; for dichotomous variables, the standardized difference is calculated using the following equation where P is the respective proportion of patients in each cohort: |(Pcase-Pcontrol)| / √[(Pcase(1-Pcase) + Pcontrol(1-Pcontrol))/2]; bEvaluated at the index date; cEvaluated during the 12-month pre-index period
  2. CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ER, emergency room; HCRU, healthcare resource utilization; PDE-4, phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor; SABA, short-acting β2-agonist; SAMA, short-acting muscarinic antagonist; SD, standard deviation; Std diff, standardized difference; TIO, tiotropium; UMEC, umeclidinium; VI, vilanterol
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