Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients
Metformin user (n = 13,396) | Metformin non-user (n = 52,736) | p Value | STD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 7681 | 57.34% | 25,809 | 48.94% | < 0.001 | 16.89% |
Female | 5715 | 42.66% | 26,927 | 51.06% | − 16.89% | |
Age1) | ||||||
20–29 | 216 | 1.61% | 1375 | 2.61% | < 0.001 | − 6.93% |
30–39 | 1133 | 8.46% | 4204 | 7.97% | 1.77% | |
40–49 | 3064 | 22.87% | 9797 | 18.58% | 10.61% | |
50–59 | 3896 | 29.08% | 13,410 | 25.43% | 8.21% | |
60–69 | 3089 | 23.06% | 13,024 | 24.70% | − 3.84% | |
70–79 | 1601 | 11.95% | 8254 | 15.65% | − 10.74% | |
≥ 80 | 397 | 2.96% | 2672 | 5.07% | − 10.73% | |
Anti-diabetic treatment2) | ||||||
Insulin therapy | 1585 | 11.83% | 2228 | 4.22% | < 0.001 | 28.27% |
Sulfonylurea | 8253 | 61.61% | 8260 | 15.66% | < 0.001 | 107.02% |
Other drugs(excluding Metformin) | 4630 | 34.56% | 2685 | 5.09% | < 0.001 | 79.55% |
Anti-diabetic treatment3) | ||||||
Insulin therapy | 1439 | 10.74% | 3828 | 7.26% | < 0.01 | 12.19% |
Sulfonylurea | 7811 | 58.31% | 8071 | 15.30% | < 0.01 | 99.62% |
Other drugs(exclusingMetformin) | 2651 | 19.79% | 2013 | 3.82% | < 0.01 | 51.09% |
Other comorbidities2) | ||||||
Malignancy | 581 | 4.34% | 4429 | 8.40% | < 0.001 | − 16.69% |
Malabsorption | 11 | 0.08% | 118 | 0.22% | 0.001 | − 3.63% |
Chronic kidney disease | 32 | 0.24% | 871 | 1.65% | < 0.001 | − 14.64% |
Dialysis | 3 | 0.02% | 290 | 0.55% | < 0.001 | − 9.89% |
Gastrectomy | 5 | 0.04% | 111 | 0.21% | < 0.001 | − 4.92% |
HIV/AIDS & organ transplantation | 11 | 0.08% | 126 | 0.24% | < 0.001 | − 3.9% |
Immunosuppresives2) | ||||||
Systemic corticosteroids | 4796 | 35.80% | 24,924 | 47.26% | < 0.001 | − 23.42% |
Other immunosuppressants | 280 | 2.09% | 2015 | 3.82% | < 0.001 | − 10.23% |
Immunosuppresives3) | ||||||
Systemic corticosteroids | 6605 | 49.31% | 31,187 | 59.14% | < 0.001 | − 19.83% |
Other immunosuppressants | 475 | 3.55% | 2839 | 5.38% | < 0.001 | − 8.91% |
Charlson comorbidity index2) | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 2.36 | 1.71 | 2.56 | 1.96 | < 0.001 | |
Median(Q1, Q3) | 2 | (1, 3) | 2 | (1, 3) | ||
0–1 | 4645 | 34.67% | 17,367 | 32.93% | < 0.001 | 3.68% |
2–3 | 5926 | 44.24% | 22,428 | 42.53% | 3.45% | |
≥ 4 | 2825 | 21.09% | 12,941 | 24.54% | − 8.23% | |
Healthcare utilization2) | ||||||
Hospitalization, days | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 0.340 | 0.949 | 0.495 | 1.263 | ||
Median(Q1, Q3) | 0 | (0, 0) | 0 | (0, 1) | ||
0 | 10,593 | 79.08% | 39,000 | 73.95% | < 0.001 | 12.11% |
1 | 1905 | 14.22% | 8160 | 15.47% | − 3.52% | |
2–3 | 733 | 5.47% | 4296 | 8.15% | − 10.63% | |
≥ 4 | 165 | 1.23% | 1280 | 2.43% | − 8.93% | |
Outpatient visit, days | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 17.448 | 20.793 | 22.670 | 24.343 | < 0.001 | |
Median(Q1, Q3) | 11 | (5, 22) | 16 | (8, 29) | ||
< 15 | 8327 | 62.16% | 25,994 | 49.29% | < 0.001 | 26.13% |
16–30 | 3065 | 22.88% | 14,562 | 27.61% | − 10.91% | |
31–50 | 1249 | 9.32% | 7296 | 13.83% | − 14.13% | |
> 50 | 755 | 5.64% | 4884 | 9.26% | − 13.84% | |
Healthcare utilization3) | ||||||
Hospitalization, days | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 0.714 | 2.243 | 0.954 | 2.766 | ||
Median(Q1, Q3) | 0 | (0, 1) | 0 | (0, 1) | ||
0 | 9718 | 72.54% | 35,745 | 67.78% | < 0.001 | 10.42% |
1 | 1967 | 14.68% | 8568 | 16.25% | − 4.33% | |
2–3 | 1121 | 8.37% | 5017 | 9.51% | − 4.01% | |
≥ 4 | 590 | 4.40% | 3406 | 6.46% | − 9.07% | |
Outpatient visit, days | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 43.556 | 43.298 | 47.169 | 50.329 | < 0.001 | |
Median(Q1, Q3) | 33 | (19, 54) | 34 | (17, 60) | ||
< 15 | 2620 | 19.56% | 12,103 | 22.95% | < 0.001 | − 8.30% |
16–30 | 3492 | 26.07% | 11,740 | 22.26% | 8.90% | |
31–50 | 3550 | 26.50% | 11,836 | 22.44% | 9.45% | |
> 50 | 3734 | 27.87% | 17,057 | 32.34% | − 9.76% | |