Table 2 Comparison of baseline characteristics in 1:1 matched cohort between metformin user and non-user
Metformin user (n = 12,916) | Metformin non-user (n = 12,916) | p Value | STD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 7377 | 57.12 | 7378 | 57.12 | 0.990 | − 0.02% |
Female | 5539 | 42.88 | 5538 | 42.88 | 0.02% | |
Age1) | ||||||
20–29 | 210 | 1.63 | 174 | 1.35 | < 0.001 | 2.30% |
30–39 | 1086 | 8.41 | 913 | 7.07 | 5.01% | |
40–49 | 2932 | 22.70 | 2694 | 20.86 | 4.47% | |
50–59 | 3750 | 29.03 | 3611 | 27.96 | 2.38% | |
60–69 | 2986 | 23.12 | 3156 | 24.43 | − 3.09% | |
70–79 | 1559 | 12.07 | 1854 | 14.35 | − 6.75% | |
≥ 80 | 393 | 3.04 | 514 | 3.98 | − 5.09% | |
Anti-diabetic treatment2) | ||||||
Insulin therapy | 1319 | 10.21 | 1078 | 8.35 | < 0.001 | 6.43% |
Sulfonylureas | 7331 | 56.76 | 7650 | 59.23 | < 0.001 | − 5.01% |
Other drugs (excluding metformin) | 2190 | 16.96 | 1797 | 13.91 | < 0.001 | 8.43% |
Other comorbidities2) | ||||||
Malignancy | 565 | 4.37 | 615 | 4.76 | 0.136 | − 1.85% |
Malabsorption | 11 | 0.09 | 7 | 0.05 | 0.346 | 1.17% |
Chronic kidney disease | 32 | 0.25 | 36 | 0.28 | 0.627 | − 0.60% |
Dialysis | 3 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.625 | 1.24% |
Gastrectomy | 4 | 0.04 | 5 | 0.03 | 1.000 | − 0.41% |
HIV and Organ transplantation | 14 | 0.11 | 11 | 0.09 | 0.548 | 0.75% |
Immunosuppresives2) | ||||||
Systemic corticosteroids | 4659 | 36.07 | 4690 | 36.31 | 0.688 | − 0.5% |
TNF alpha + Other immunosuppressant | 275 | 2.13 | 268 | 2.07 | 0.761 | 0.38% |
Charlson comorbidity index2) | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 2.34 | 1.70 | 2.24 | 1.75 | < 0.001 | |
Median (Q1,Q3) | 2 | (1,3) | 2 | (1,3) | ||
0–1 | 4511 | 34.93 | 4903 | 37.96 | < 0.001 | − 6.31% |
2–3 | 5719 | 44.28 | 5489 | 42.50 | 3.59% | |
≥ 4 | 2686 | 20.80 | 2524 | 19.54 | 3.13% | |
Healthcare utilization2) | ||||||
Hospitalization, days | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 0.34 | 0.95 | 0.32 | 0.91 | 0.169 | |
Median (Q1,Q3) | 0 | (0,0) | 0 | (0,0) | ||
0 | 10,237 | 79.26 | 10,327 | 79.96 | 0.458 | − 1.73% |
1 | 1818 | 14.08 | 1780 | 13.78 | 0.85% | |
2–3 | 701 | 5.43 | 652 | 5.05 | 1.70% | |
≥ 4 | 160 | 1.24 | 157 | 1.22 | 0.21% | |
Outpatient visit, days | ||||||
Mean ± SD | 17.59 | 20.93 | 16.98 | 20.17 | 0.018 | |
Median (Q1,Q3) | 11 | (5,22) | 11 | (5,22) | ||
0 | 7986 | 61.83 | 8164 | 63.21 | 0.147 | − 2.85% |
1 | 2968 | 22.98 | 2858 | 22.13 | 2.04% | |
2–3 | 1223 | 9.47 | 1191 | 9.22 | 0.85% | |
≥ 4 | 739 | 5.72 | 703 | 5.44 | 1.21% | |