Fig. 4

Risk of exacerbation by baseline LPA profile. Baseline LPA profile was fitted to a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted for the following covariates: number of exacerbations within the last 12 months, smoking status, geographical region, baseline COPD medications, and sex. An odd ratio above 1 denotes higher odds of exacerbation (a) in patients with the lowest tertile LPA compared to highest tertile LPA (L vs H); blood eosinophils ≥ 200 cells/µL compared to < 200 cells/µL; fibrinogen ≥ 3.5 g/L compared to < 3.5 g/L; or with chronic bronchitis compared to no chronic bronchitis; (b) in patients with the medium tertile LPA compared to highest tertile LPA (M vs H). CB_SGRQ, chronic bronchitis—St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire COPD