Table 2 Clinical endpoints, bronchoscopy-related events, and complications according to study group
Outcome | All patients (n = 788) | Modified high-flow nasal cannula oxygen group therapy (n = 392) | Conventional nasal cannula oxygen group (n = 396) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary endpoint | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 The number of patients with a single moment of SpO2 < 90% during bronchoscopy, no. (%) | 163 (20.7) | 49 (12.5) | 114 (28.8) |  < 0.001 |
Secondary endpoint | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Duration of bronchoscopy (s) | 780 (592–965) | 685 (485–850) | 800 (614–990) |  < 0.001 |
Other endpoints | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Duration of SpO2 < 90% (s) | 98 (29–130) | 22 (14–27) | 115 (96–137) |  < 0.001 |
 The number of patients with procedural discontinuation no. (%) | 141 (17.9) | 39 (9.9) | 102 (25.8) |  < 0.001 |
Bronchoalveolar lavage | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Volume of fluid instilled (ml) | 60 (40–100) | 60 (40–100) | 60 (40–100) | 0.751 |
 Volume of fluid recovered (ml) | 20 (15–45) | 22 (15–45) | 20 (15–45) | 0.483 |
Bronchial brushing, no. (%) | 736 (93.4) | 367 (93.6) | 369 (93.2) | 0.803 |
Endobronchial biopsy, no. (%) | 677 (85.9) | 337 (86.0) | 340 (85.9) | 0.964 |
Transbronchial lung biopsy, no. (%) | 235 (29.8) | 115 (29.3) | 120 (30.3) | 0.767 |
Events during bronchoscopy, no. (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Agitation | 119 (15.1) | 43 (11.0) | 76 (19.2) | 0.001 |
 Bronchospasm | 30 (3.8) | 12 (3.1) | 18 (4.5) | 0.276 |
 Arrhythmias |  |  |  | 0.559 |
  Ventricular arrhythmias | 8 (1.0) | 3 (0.8) | 5 (1.3) | 0.484 |
  Supraventricular tachycardias | 16 (2.0) | 4 (1.0) | 12 (3.0) | 0.045 |
  Premature atrial contractions | 25 (3.2) | 11 (2.8) | 14 (3.5) | 0.559 |
  Premature ventricular contraction | 14 (1.8) | 5 (1.3) | 9 (2.3) | 0.289 |
 Hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 180 mmHg) | 124 (15.7) | 64 (16.3) | 60 (15.2) | 0.651 |
 Epistaxis | 40 (5.1) | 18 (4.6) | 22 (5.6) | 0.538 |
 Mucosal bleeding | 204 (25.9) | 103 (26.3) | 101 (25.5) | 0.805 |
Complications of bronchoscopy, no. (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Fever | 162 (20.6) | 78 (19.9) | 84 (21.2) | 0.648 |
 Pneumothorax | 33 (4.2) | 10 (2.6) | 23 (5.8) | 0.022 |
 Hemorrhage | 51 (6.5) | 25 (6.4) | 26 (6.6) | 0.915 |