The association between transfer coefficient of the lung and the risk of exacerbation in asthma-COPD overlap: an observational cohort study

Table 2 Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of potential risk factors for low D_LCO

Variables	Number of events/cases (%)		Multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
	Exposure group	Reference group
Male gender	21/77 (27.3%)	8/17 (47.3%)	0.90 (0.18–4.40)	0.89
Age (per 10-year increase)	N/A	N/A	0.83 (0.41–1.66)	0.60
BMI (per 1 kg/m² increase)	N/A	N/A	1.03 (0.86–1.22)	0.76
FEV₁ (per 1 L increase)	N/A	N/A	0.29 (0.10–0.76)	0.02
Inhaled long-acting bronchodilator use	22/68 (32.4%)	7/26 (26.9%)	8.42 (0.93–108)	0.07
ICS use	17/64 (26.6%)	12/30 (40.0%)	0.07 (0.01–0.59)	0.02
COPD-like features
Smoking history ≥ 10 pack-years	28/87 (32.2%)	1/7 (14.3%)	3.32 (0.34–80.7)	0.36
Emphysema	22/64 (34.4%)	7/30 (23.3%)	1.32 (0.39–4.77)	0.66
Asthmatic features
Eosinophilic component	18/56 (32.1%)	11/38 (28.9%)	1.65 (0.51–5.71)	0.41
High FeNO	11/44 (25.0%)	18/50 (36.0%)	0.51 (0.15–1.61)	0.26
Positive levels for total IgE and/or IgE specific to perennial inhalant antigens	21/75 (28.0%)	8/19 (42.1%)	0.51 (0.12–2.06)	0.34
Bronchial reversibility	5/18 (27.8%)	24/76 (31.6%)	1.08 (0.24–4.20)	0.92

Adjustment was made for age, gender, BMI, FEV₁, long-acting bronchodilator use, ICS use, a smoking history of > 10 pack-years, emphysema, high FeNO, bronchial reversibility, an eosinophilic component, and positive levels for total IgE and/or IgE specific to perennial inhalant antigens. The eosinophilic component was defined as blood eosinophil ≥ 5% and/or ≥ 300/µl. High FeNO was defined as ≥ 35 parts per billion. Bronchial reversibility was defined as ≥ 12% and ≥ 200 ml reversibility in post-bronchodilator FEV₁. Positive levels for total IgE were defined as > 170 IU/ml
OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; N/A, not applicable

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