Skip to main content

Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants (N = 512,278)

From: Comprehensive risk assessment for hospital-acquired pneumonia: sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital environmental factors associated with the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia

Variables

No HAP (n = 486,909)

HAP (n = 25,369)

p value

Age group

  

< 0.001

 20–29

35,400 (7.3)

604 (2.4)

 

 30–39

50,320 (10.3)

1022 (4.0)

 

 40–49

68,073 (14.0)

1610 (6.4)

 

 50–59

100,721 (20.7)

3191 (12.6)

 

 60–69

96,000 (19.7)

4495 (17.7)

 

 Over 70

136,395 (28.0)

14,447 (57.0)

 

Sex (male)

224,522 (46.1)

13,655 (53.8)

< 0.001

Poverty (yes)

38,330 (7.9)

3122 (12.3)

< 0.001

Asthma (yes)

33,331 (6.9)

4485 (17.7)

< 0.001

COPD (yes)

14,412 (3.0)

2491 (9.8)

< 0.001

Other chronic lower respiratory disease (yes)

52,745 (10.8)

6053 (23.9)

< 0.001

CKD (yes)

18,098 (3.7)

1473 (5.8)

< 0.001

Anemia (yes)

39,829 (8.2)

2723 (10.7)

< 0.001

Tube feeding (yes)

10,663 (2.2)

4634 (18.3)

< 0.001

Suctioning (yes)

19,773 (4.1)

5061 (20.0)

< 0.001

Positioning (yes)

34,588 (7.1)

6534 (25.8)

< 0.001

Surgery (yes)

189,888 (39.0)

4430 (17.5)

< 0.001

Mechanical ventilation (yes)

6295 (1.3)

2785 (11.0)

< 0.001

ICU admission (yes)

43,645 (9.0)

6935 (27.3)

< 0.001

Location of hospital

  

< 0.001

 Seoul metropolitan area

204,419 (42.0)

8997 (35.5)

 

 Other metropolitan area

142,073 (29.2)

7218 (28.5)

 

 Province

140,417 (28.8)

9154 (36.0)

 

Type of hospital

  

< 0.001

 Tertiary

172,295 (35.4)

6344 (25.0)

 

 General

314,614 (64.6)

19,025 (75.0)

 

Bed-to-nurse ratio*(n = 425,953)

  

< 0.001

 Grade 1

79,427 (19.6)

2671 (12.6)

 

 Grade 2

157,134 (38.3)

7564 (35.5)

 

 Grade 3

72,569 (17.9)

4291 (20.2)

 

 Grade 4

21,210 (5.2)

1441 (6.8)

 

 Grade \(\ge\) 5

74,329 (18.4)

5317 (25.0)

 

Types of hospital rooms (n = 504,279)

  

< 0.001

 ≤ 3 beds

44,027 (9.2)

383 (1.6)

 

 4 beds

68,876 (14.3)

3816 (16.2)

 

 5 beds

134,363 (28.0)

7096 (30.1)

 

 6 beds

233,445 (48.6)

12,273 (52.1)

 

Ward with or without caregiver† (n = 469,588)

  

0.498

 With caregivers

404,669 (90.7)

21,284 (90.8)

 

 Without carefgivers

41,487 (9.3)

2148 (9.2)

 

Year

  

< 0.001

 2016

185,262 (38.1)

10,372 (40.9)

 

 2017

148,876 (30.6)

7624 (30.1)

 

 2018

152,771 (91.4)

7373 (29.1)

 
  1. The values in the table are numbers (percentages)
  2. CKD chronic kidney disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, ICU intensive care unit
  3. *Bed-to-nurse ratio grading is defined as follows: tertiary hospitals are divided into the following grades: grade 1 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of less than 2.0), grade 2 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.0–2.4), grade 3 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.5–2.9), grade 4 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.0–3.4), grade 5 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.5–3.9), and grade 6 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.0 or more). General hospitals are classified into the following grades: grade 1 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of less than 2.5), grade 2 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.5–2.9), grade 3 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.0–3.4), grade 4 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.5–3.9), grade 5 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.0–4.4), grade 6 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.5–5.9), and grade 7 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 6.0 or more)
  4. †Ward without caregiver is where patients are cared for by the nursing staff only, and caregivers do not stay at the bedside
Back to article page

BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

Contact us