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Table 2 Factors associated with the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia

From: Comprehensive risk assessment for hospital-acquired pneumonia: sociodemographic, clinical, and hospital environmental factors associated with the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia

Characteristics

Univariable

Multivariable

 

OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Age group

  

 20–29

Reference

Reference

 30–39

1.25 (1.13–1.38)

1.25 (1.13–1.39)

 40–49

1.42 (1.29–1.56)

1.31 (1.19–1.45)

 50–59

1.91 (1.75–2.09)

1.60 (1.47–1.75)

 60–69

2.91 (2.67–3.17)

2.11 (1.93–2.31)

 Over 70

6.22 (5.73–6.76)

3.66 (3.36–3.99)

Sex (male)

1.36 (1.32–1.39)

1.35 (1.32–1.39)

Poverty (yes)

1.45 (1.39–1.51)

1.08 (1.04–1.13)

Asthma (yes)

2.83 (2.73–2.93)

1.73 (1.66–1.80)

COPD (yes)

3.60 (3.44–3.77)

1.62 (1.53–1.71)

Other chronic lower respiratory disease (yes)

2.56 (2.48–2.64)

1.79 (1.73–1.85)

CKD (yes)

1.71 (1.62–1.81)

1.07 (1.00–1.14)*

Anemia (yes)

1.42 (1.36–1.48)

1.04 (1.00–1.10)†

Tube feeding (yes)

11.25 (10.82–11.71)

3.32 (3.16–3.50)

Suction (yes)

7.15 (6.89–7.42)

2.34 (2.23–2.47)

Positioning (yes)

4.71 (4.57–4.86)

1.63 (1.55–1.72)

Surgery (no)

2.76 (2.67–2.85)

2.98 (2.87–3.09)

Mechanical ventilation (yes)

11.40 (10.85–11.98)

2.31 (2.15–2.47)

ICU admission (yes)

4.22 (4.09–4.35)

1.29 (1.22–1.36)

Location of hospital

  

 Seoul metropolitan area

Reference

Reference

 Other metropolitan area

1.09 (1.05–1.14)

1.16 (1.06–1.26)

 Province

1.40 (1.35–1.45)

1.20 (1.11–1.31)

Type of hospital

  

 Tertiary

Reference

Reference

 General

1.53 (1.37–1.69)

1.54 (1.39–1.70)

Bed-to-nurse ratio‡ (n = 425,953)

  

 Grade 1

Reference

Reference

 Grade 2

1.12 (1.03–1.23)

1.16 (1.06–1.27)

 Grade 3

1.36 (1.24–1.50)

1.31 (1.19–1.44)

 Grade 4

1.59 (1.42–1.78)

1.42 (1.26–1.59)

 Grade \(\ge\) 5

1.62 (1.49–1.77)

1.45 (1.32–1.59)

Type of hospital room (n = 504,279)

  

 ≤ 3 beds

Reference

Reference

 4 beds

5.38 (4.83–5.99)

3.26 (2.92–3.64)

 5 beds

6.08 (5.48–6.76)

3.34 (3.00–3.72)

 6 beds

5.10 (4.60–5.65)

3.08 (2.77–3.42)

Ward with or without caregiver§ (n = 469,588)

  

 With caregivers

1.09 (1.03–1.14)

1.19 (1.12–1.26)

 Without caregivers

Reference

Reference

  1. The multivariable analysis included age, sex, poverty, asthma, COPD, other chronic lower respiratory diseases, CKD, anemia, tube feeding, suctioning, positioning, surgery, mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, year of hospitalization, location of the hospital, and type of hospital
  2. CI confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HAP, hospital-acquired pneumonia; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio
  3. *p = 0.03
  4. †p = 0.08
  5. ‡Bed-to-nurse ratio grading was defined as follows: tertiary hospitals were divided into the following grades: grade 1 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of less than 2.0), grade 2 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.0–2.4), grade 3 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.5–2.9), grade 4 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.0–3.4), grade 5 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.5–3.9), and grade 6 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.0 or more). General hospitals are classified into the following grades: grade 1 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of less than 2.5), grade 2 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 2.5–2.9), grade 3 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.0–3.4), grade 4 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 3.5–3.9), grade 5 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.0–4.4), grade 6 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 4.5–5.9), and grade 7 (a bed-to-nurse ratio of 6.0 or more)
  6. §In wards without caregivers, only the nursing staff takes care of the patients, and caregivers do not stay at the bedside