Table 1 Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes
Variables | Derivation cohort | Validation cohort |
|---|---|---|
(n = 1334) | (n = 643) | |
Age, years | ||
 < 65 | 250 (18.7) | 106 (16.5) |
65–79 | 528 (39.6) | 269 (41.8) |
 ≥ 80 | 556 (41.7) | 268 (41.7) |
Sex, female | 463 (34.7) | 208 (32.3) |
Pneumonia type | ||
CAP†| 836 (62.7) | 437 (68.0) |
HCAP‡ | 498 (37.3) | 206 (32.0) |
Nursing home resident | 216 (16.2) | 108 (16.8) |
Nonambulatory status | 327 (24.5) | 133 (20.7) |
Nonambulatory status or age ≥ 80 years | 683 (51.2) | 301 (46.8) |
Heavy alcohol use§ | 40 (3.0) | 19 (3.0) |
Comorbidities | ||
Neoplastic diseases | 191 (14.3) | 93 (14.5) |
Congestive heart failure | 177 (13.3) | 112 (17.4) |
Chronic liver diseases | 51 (3.8) | 16 (2.5) |
Cerebrovascular diseases | 291 (21.8) | 100 (15.6) |
Diabetes | 251 (18.8) | 110 (17.1) |
Immunosuppressionll | 118 (8.8) | 58 (9.0) |
Chronic renal diseases | 108 (8.1) | 47 (7.3) |
Chronic lung diseases | 451 (33.8) | 232 (36.1) |
Physical examination | ||
Altered mental status (confusion) | 266 (19.9) | 142 (22.1) |
Pulse rate ≥ 125/min | 135 (10.1) | 72 (11.2) |
Body temperature < 36.0 °C | 42 (3.1) | 10 (1.6) |
Systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg | 74 (5.5) | 31 (4.8) |
Respiratory rate ≥ 30/min | 311 (23.3) | 146 (22.7) |
Laboratory test | ||
Blood urea nitrogen ≥ 30 mg/dL | 298 (22.3) | 132 (20.5) |
Glucose, mg/dL | ||
  < 70 | 19 (1.4) | 9 (1.4) |
  ≥ 250 | 97 (7.3) | 39 (6.1) |
Albumin, g/dL | ||
  < 2.0 | 35 (2.6) | 20 (3.1) |
 2.0–3.0 | 416 (31.2) | 175 (27.2) |
Sodium, mEq/L | ||
  < 130 | 91 (6.8) | 61 (9.5) |
  ≥ 146 | 49 (3.7) | 14 (2.2) |
Potassium ≥ 5.0 mEq/L | 122 (9.1) | 38 (5.9) |
Total bilirubin ≥ 2.0 mg/dL | 59 (4.4) | 19 (3.0) |
White blood cell count < 4000 cells/μL | 44 (3.3) | 19 (3.0) |
Hematocrit < 30% | 192 (14.4) | 72 (11.2) |
Platelet count < 100 000 cells/μL | 58 (4.3) | 23 (3.6) |
Blood gas analysis | ||
PaO2/FIO2 ratio | ||
  ≤ 100 mmHg | 111 (8.3) | 39 (6.1) |
 100–200 mmHg | 209 (15.7) | 90 (14.0) |
 200–300 mmHg | 482 (36.1) | 261 (40.6) |
Arterial pH < 7.35 | 148 (11.1) | 58 (9.0) |
PaCO2 > 45 mmHg | 212 (15.9) | 77 (12.0) |
HCO3− < 20 mmol/L | 170 (12.7) | 63 (9.8) |
Radiological findings | ||
Pleural effusion | 324 (24.3) | 133 (20.7) |
Extent of total infiltration | ||
 1/3–2/3 of unilateral lung | 415 (31.1) | 208 (32.3) |
  > 2/3 of unilateral lung | 268 (20.1) | 143 (22.2) |
Outcomes | ||
Severe adverse events** | 277 (20.8) | 120 (18.7) |
30-Day mortality | 163 (12.2) | 60 (9.3) |
Requirement of MV or VS within 30 days††| 154 (11.5) | 74 (11.5) |
 Requirement of MV within 30 days | 130 (9.7) | 64 (10.0) |
 Requirement of VS within 30 days | 83 (6.2) | 28 (4.4) |
ICU admission within 30Â days | 99 (7.4) | 66 (10.3) |