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Table 3 Exploratory analyses for primary (SD, CV, PPGE) and secondary (TIR, TAR, TBR, mean glucose level and glycemic gap) outcomes for 40 patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia

From: Glycemic variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Parameter

Daytime

Parameter

Nighttime

β (95% CI)

P

β (95% CI)

P

Relative change in standard deviation (SD) of all CGM-glucose values per change in explanatory variables

     

Intercept

0.91 (0.42 to 1.96)

 

Intercept

1.73 (0.54 to 5.55)

 

T2DM = yes

1.81 (1.32 to 2.49)

0.001

T2DM = yes

2.50 (1.55 to 4.04)

 < 0.001

GC = yes

1.43 (1.13 to 1.80)

0.004

GC = yes

1.18 (0.84 to 1.68)

0.330

HbA1c

1.01 (0.99 to 1.02)

0.121

HbA1c

1.01 (0.98 to 1.03)

0.640

BMI

0.99 (0.97 to 1.02)

0.536

BMI

0.96 (0.93 to 0.99)

0.012

CURB-65

1.00 (0.87 to 1.15)

0.987

CURB-65

0.94 (0.76 to 1.15)

0.543

Parameter

Daytime

Parameter

Nighttime

β (95% CI)

P

β (95% CI)

P

Absolute change in coefficient of variation (CV) in percentage points per change in explanatory variables

     

Intercept

25.8 (13.4 to 38.2)

 

Intercept

34.4 (18.2 to 50.6)

 

T2DM = yes

6.8 (1.7 to 11.9)

0.010

T2DM = yes

10.3 (3.6 to 16.9)

0.004

GC = yes

1.4 (− 2.3 to 5.1)

0.435

GC = yes

 − 0.5 (− 5.4 to 4.3)

0.830

HbA1c

0.0 (− 0.2 to 0.2)

0.938

HbA1c

 − 0.1 (− 0.4 to 0.2)

0.607

BMI

 − 0.2 (− 0.6 to 0.1)

0.197

BMI

 − 0.6 (− 1.1 to − 0.2)

0.006

CURB-65

 − 0.3 (− 2.5 to 2.0)

0.820

CURB-65

 − 0.9 (− 3.8 to 2.0)

0.535

Parameter

Breakfast

Parameter

Lunch

Parameter

Dinner

β (95% CI)

P

β (95% CI)

P

β (95% CI)

P

Absolute change in postprandial glucose excursion (PPGE) in mmol/L and mg/dL (at the bottom) per change in explanatory variables

        

Intercept

4.5 (0.8 to 8.3)

81 (14 to 149)

 

Intercept

0.3 (− 4.1 to 5.0)

5 (− 74 to 90)

 

Intercept

 − 1.2 (− 5.7 to 3.4)

 − 22 (− 103 to 61)

 

T2DM = yes

1.5 (− 0.1 to 3.2)

27 (− 2 to 58)

0.101

T2DM = 1

 − 0.4 (− 2.4 to 1.6)

 − 7 (− 43 to 29)

0.710

T2DM = yes

 − 0.7 (− 2.6 to 1.3)

 − 13 (− 47 to 23)

0.552

GC = yes

 − 1.0 (− 2.2 to 0.2)

 − 18 (− 40 to 4)

0.151

GC = 1

2.2 (0.8 to 3.7)

40 (14 to 67)

0.013

GC = yes

 − 0.3 (− 1.7 to 1.2)

 − 5 (− 31 to 22)

0.730

HbA1c

0.0 (0.0 to 0.1)

0 (0 to 2)

0.722

HbA1c

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.1)

0 (− 1 to 2)

0.133

HbA1c

0.0 (0.0 to 0.1)

1 (− 1 to 2)

0.291

BMI

 − 0.1 (− 0.2 to 0.0)

 − 2 (− 4 to 0)

0.091

BMI

0.0 (− 0.2 to 0.1)

0 (− 3 to 2)

0.711

BMI

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.1)

0 (− 2 to 2)

0.868

CURB-65

 − 0.1 (− 0.8 to 0.6)

 − 2 (− 14 to 11)

0.749

CURB − 65

0.8 (− 0.1 to 1.6)

14 (− 2 to 29)

0.133

CURB − 65

1.3 (0.5 to 2.2)

20 (9 to 40)

0.014

Parameter

Daytime

Parameter

Nighttime

β (95% CI)

P

β (95% CI)

P

Absolute change in time in range (TIR) in percentage points per change in explanatory variables

     

Intercept

116.4 (74.6 to 158.1)

 

Intercept

105.5 (50.7 to 160.2)

 

T2DM = yes

 − 33.9 (− 51.0 to − 16.7)

 < 0.001

T2DM = yes

 − 12.3 (− 34.8 to 10.2)

0.274

GC = yes

 − 23.3 (− 35.8 to − 10.9)

 < 0.001

GC = yes

 − 8.1 (− 24.4 to 8.2)

0.321

HbA1c

 − 0.9 (− 1.6 to − 0.2)

0.018

HbA1c

 − 0.7 (− 1.7 to 0.2)

0.132

BMI

0.5 (− 0.6 to 1.7)

0.372

BMI

0.5 (− 1.0 to 2.0)

0.487

CURB − 65

4.4 (− 3.0 to 11.8)

0.231

CURB-65

4.3 (− 5.4 to 14.0)

0.371

Parameter

Daytime

Parameter

Nighttime

β (95% CI)

P

β (95% CI)

P

Relative change in time above range (TAR) per change in explanatory variables

     

Intercept

1.06 (0.12 to 9.10)

 

Intercept

0.38 (0.02 to 9.30)

 

T2DM = yes

4.24 (2.12 to 8.48)

 < 0.001

T2DM = yes

3.26 (0.82 to 12.94)

0.103

GC = yes

3.09 (1.73 to 5.53)

 < 0.001

GC = yes

3.00 (0.86 to 10.44)

0.095

HbA1c

1.02 (0.99 to 1.06)

0.162

HbA1c

1.03 (0.98 to 1.08)

0.252

BMI

1.02 (0.97 to 1.07)

0.404

BMI

1.04 (0.95 to 1.14)

0.395

CURB-65

1.04 (0.76 to 1.43)

0.795

CURB-65

1.02 (0.48 to 1.17)

0.951

Parameter

Daytime

Parameter

Nighttime

β (95% CI)

P

β (95% CI)

P

Relative change in time below range (TBR) per change in explanatory variables

     

Intercept

0.01 (0.00 to 69.10)

 

Intercept

7.43 (0.09 to 602.34)

 

T2DM = yes

0.05 (0.01 to 0.37)

0.006

T2DM = yes

0.16 (0.03 to 0.89)

0.044

GC = yes

0.16 (0.05 to 0.56)

0.007

GC = yes

1.63 (0.33 to 7.99)

0.549

HbA1c

1.17 (0.97 to 1.42)

0.103

HbA1c

1.03 (0.94 to 1.13)

0.475

BMI

1.03 (0.90 to 1.18)

0.678

BMI

0.95 (0.84 to 1.07)

0.373

CURB-65

0.92 (0.54 to 1.57)

0.763

CURB-65

1.27 (0.59 to 2.77)

0.546

Parameter

Daytime β (95% CI)

Parameter

Nighttime β (95% CI)

mmol/L

mg/dL

P

mmol/L

mg/dL

P

Absolute change in mean glucose level in mmol/L per change in explanatory variables

       

Intercept

 − 0.7 (− 5.7 to 4.4)

 − 13 (− 103 to 79)

 

Intercept

1.4 (− 3.1 to 5.9)

25 (− 56 to 106)

 

T2DM = yes

2.2 (0.1 to 4.2)

40 (2 to 76)

0.042

T2DM = yes

1.6 (− 0.2 to 3.5)

29 (− 4 to 63.)

0.084

GC = yes

3.0 (1.5 to 4.5)

 − 13 (27 to 81)

 < 0.001

GC = yes

1.8 (0.5 to 3.1)

32 (9 to 56)

0.011

HbA1c

0.1 (0.0 to 0.2)

2 (0 to 4)

0.003

HbA1c

0.1 (0.0 to 0.2)

2 (0 to 4)

0.015

BMI

0.1 (− 0.1 to 0.2)

2 (− 2 to 4)

0.495

BMI

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.1)

0 (− 2. to 2)

0.910

CURB-65

 − 0.1 (− 0.9 to 0.8)

 − 2 (− 16 to 14)

0.904

CURB-65

0.1 (− 0.7 to 0.9)

2 (− 13 to 16)

0.814

Parameter

β (95% CI)

P

mmol/L

mg/dL

Absolute change in glycemic gap in mmol/L and mg/dL per change in explanatory variables

   

Intercept

0.1 (− 4.1 to 4.2)

2 (− 74 to 76)

 

T2DM = yes

2.0 (0.3 to 3.7)

36 (5 to 67)

0.021

GC = yes

2.5 (1.3 to 3.8)

45 (23 to 68)

 < 0.001

HbA1c

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.0)

0 (− 2 to 1)

0.370

BMI

0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.1)

0 (− 2 to 2)

0.779

CURB-65

0.0 (− 0.8 to 0.7)

1 (− 14 to 13)

0.954

Model 1 (daytime glycemic variability)

Model 2 (nighttime glycemic variability)

Parameter

β (95% CI)

P

Parameter

β (95% CI)

P

Relative change in length of stay (LOS) per change in explanatory variables

     

Intercept

5.85 (2.44 to 14.04)

 

Intercept

4.09 (2.21 to 7.58)

 

T2DM = yes

0.86 (0.52 to 1.41)

0.542

T2DM = yes

0.93 (0.57 to 1.54)

0.780

GC = yes

0.68 (0.43 to 1.07)

0.091

GC = yes

0.80 (0.51 to 1.25)

0.317

Charl. index

1.06 (0.97 to 1.16)

0.185

Charl. index

1.05 (0.96 to 1.16)

0.289

SD daytime

1.28 (1.00 to 1.63)

0.049

SD nighttime

1.23 (0.81 to 1.86)

0.327

CV daytime

0.97 (0.45 to 1.01)

0.157

CV nighttime

0.99 (0.95 to 1.03)

0.615

  1. Bold values denote statistical significance at the P ≤ 0.05 level. Each headline for the schemes above  specifies how to interpret the coefficients of each scheme which differs among outcomes due to different statistical approaches
  2. BMI, Body Mass Index; Charl. index, Charlson comorbidity index; CURB-65, Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) severity score; CV, Coefficient of variation; GC, glucocorticoid intake; HbA1c, Haemoglobin A1c; SD, standard deviation of all glucose values; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
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