Table 1 Characteristics of patients in the case and control periods
| Characteristics | Number (%) | Conditional logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Case period (n = 18,657) |
Control period (n = 18,657) |
Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Male | 5577 (29.9) | 5577 (29.9) | – | – |
| Age, mean (SD) | 47.7 (17.9) | 47.5 (17.7) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Heart failure | 395 (2.1) | 349 (1.9) | 2.18 (1.49–3.18) | < 0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 931 (5.0) | 873 (4.7) | 1.62 (1.25–2.10) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 530 (2.8) | 498 (2.7) | 1.62 (1.14–2.28) | 0.007 |
| GERD | 762 (4.1) | 671 (3.6) | 1.65 (1.34–2.04) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity | 77 (0.4) | 49 (0.3) | 4.11 (1.98–8.52) | < 0.001 |
| Rhinosinusitis | 3393 (18.2) | 3125 (16.8) | 1.44 (1.30–1.60) | < 0.001 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 51 (0.3) | 44 (0.2) | 1.64 (0.77–3.46) | 0.198 |
| Psychiatric disorder | ||||
| Anxiety | 166 (0.9) | 159 (0.9) | 1.21 (0.76–1.92) | 0.415 |
| Bipolar disorder | 154 (0.8) | 146 (0.8) | 1.62 (0.81–3.23) | 0.174 |
| Depression | 747 (4.0) | 741 (4.0) | 1.08 (0.79–1.47) | 0.633 |
| Schizophrenia | 148 (0.8) | 136 (0.7) | 5.00 (1.45–17.27) | 0.011 |
| Respiratory infection | ||||
| Pneumonia | 726 (3.9) | 533 (2.9) | 2.44 (2.00–2.98) | < 0.001 |
| Acute upper airway infection | 8308 (44.5) | 7140 (38.3) | 2.00 (1.86–2.14) | < 0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| Cardiovascular drugs | ||||
| Antiplatelet | 1184 (6.4) | 1019 (5.5) | 1.52 (1.32–1.75) | < 0.001 |
| Cardioselective β-blockers | 716 (3.8) | 660 (3.5) | 1.24 (1.04–1.47) | 0.015 |
| Non-selective β-blockers | 676 (3.6) | 553 (3.0) | 1.52 (1.29–1.78) | < 0.001 |
| Statins | 909 (4.9) | 883 (4.7) | 1.08 (0.93–1.25) | 0.324 |
| Anti-inflammation | ||||
| Colchicine | 138 (0.7) | 147 (0.8) | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) | 0.492 |
| NSAIDs | 5175 (27.7) | 3098 (16.6) | 2.32 (2.19–2.47) | < 0.001 |
| Metformin | 753 (4.0) | 721 (3.9) | 1.15 (0.96–1.39) | 0.133 |
| Psychoactive drugs | ||||
| Antidepressants | 957 (5.1) | 857 (4.6) | 1.39 (1.19–1.64) | < 0.001 |
| Lithium | 16 (0.1) | 13 (0.1) | 2.00 (0.50–8.00) | 0.327 |
| Antipsychotics | 713 (3.8) | 601 (3.2) | 1.48 (1.25–1.74) | < 0.001 |
| Anticholinergic agents | ||||
| Bladder | 116 (0.6) | 93 (0.5) | 1.43 (1.01–2.04) | 0.044 |
| Gastrointestinal tract | 1442 (7.7) | 888 (4.8) | 1.86 (1.69–2.05) | < 0.001 |
| Parkinsonism | 107 (0.6) | 100 (0.5) | 1.28 (0.76–2.16) | 0.358 |
| Antihistamine | ||||
| First generation | 3234 (17.3) | 1817 (9.7) | 2.26 (2.11–2.43) | < 0.001 |
| Second/third generation | 4372 (23.4) | 2615 (14.0) | 2.27 (2.13–2.42) | < 0.001 |
| Inhaled bronchodilators | ||||
| SABA | 2615 (14.0) | 1087 (5.8) | 3.25 (2.98–3.54) | < 0.001 |
| SAMA | 305 (1.6) | 60 (0.3) | 6.56 (4.78–9.01) | < 0.001 |
| SABA + SAMA | 154 (0.8) | 79 (0.4) | 2.50 (1.80–3.47) | < 0.001 |
| LABA | 3 (0.02) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| LAMA | 37 (0.2) | 30 (0.2) | 1.44 (0.76–2.72) | 0.265 |
| LABA + ICS | 1575 (8.4) | 1217 (6.5) | 1.55 (1.41–1.72) | < 0.001 |
| LABA + LAMA + ICS | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| ICS | 381 (2.0) | 283 (1.5) | 1.50 (1.25–1.80) | < 0.001 |
| Oral bronchodilators | ||||
| Xanthium | 3844 (20.6) | 1771 (9.5) | 3.40 (3.15–3.66) | < 0.001 |
| Leukotriene receptor antagonists | 550 (3.0) | 404 (2.2) | 1.78 (1.49–2.12) | < 0.001 |