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Table 1 Characteristics of patients in the case and control periods

From: Typical antipsychotics is associated with increased risk of severe exacerbation in asthma patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Characteristics

Number (%)

Conditional logistic regression

Case period

(n = 18,657)

Control period

(n = 18,657)

Crude OR

(95% CI)

P value

Male

5577 (29.9)

5577 (29.9)

–

–

Age, mean (SD)

47.7 (17.9)

47.5 (17.7)

  

Comorbidities

    

 Heart failure

395 (2.1)

349 (1.9)

2.18 (1.49–3.18)

< 0.001

 Ischemic heart disease

931 (5.0)

873 (4.7)

1.62 (1.25–2.10)

< 0.001

 Stroke

530 (2.8)

498 (2.7)

1.62 (1.14–2.28)

0.007

 GERD

762 (4.1)

671 (3.6)

1.65 (1.34–2.04)

< 0.001

 Obesity

77 (0.4)

49 (0.3)

4.11 (1.98–8.52)

< 0.001

 Rhinosinusitis

3393 (18.2)

3125 (16.8)

1.44 (1.30–1.60)

< 0.001

 Obstructive sleep apnea

51 (0.3)

44 (0.2)

1.64 (0.77–3.46)

0.198

 Psychiatric disorder

    

  Anxiety

166 (0.9)

159 (0.9)

1.21 (0.76–1.92)

0.415

  Bipolar disorder

154 (0.8)

146 (0.8)

1.62 (0.81–3.23)

0.174

  Depression

747 (4.0)

741 (4.0)

1.08 (0.79–1.47)

0.633

  Schizophrenia

148 (0.8)

136 (0.7)

5.00 (1.45–17.27)

0.011

 Respiratory infection

    

  Pneumonia

726 (3.9)

533 (2.9)

2.44 (2.00–2.98)

< 0.001

  Acute upper airway infection

8308 (44.5)

7140 (38.3)

2.00 (1.86–2.14)

< 0.001

Medications

    

 Cardiovascular drugs

    

  Antiplatelet

1184 (6.4)

1019 (5.5)

1.52 (1.32–1.75)

< 0.001

  Cardioselective β-blockers

716 (3.8)

660 (3.5)

1.24 (1.04–1.47)

0.015

  Non-selective β-blockers

676 (3.6)

553 (3.0)

1.52 (1.29–1.78)

< 0.001

  Statins

909 (4.9)

883 (4.7)

1.08 (0.93–1.25)

0.324

 Anti-inflammation

    

  Colchicine

138 (0.7)

147 (0.8)

0.90 (0.67–1.22)

0.492

  NSAIDs

5175 (27.7)

3098 (16.6)

2.32 (2.19–2.47)

< 0.001

  Metformin

753 (4.0)

721 (3.9)

1.15 (0.96–1.39)

0.133

 Psychoactive drugs

    

  Antidepressants

957 (5.1)

857 (4.6)

1.39 (1.19–1.64)

< 0.001

  Lithium

16 (0.1)

13 (0.1)

2.00 (0.50–8.00)

0.327

  Antipsychotics

713 (3.8)

601 (3.2)

1.48 (1.25–1.74)

< 0.001

 Anticholinergic agents

    

  Bladder

116 (0.6)

93 (0.5)

1.43 (1.01–2.04)

0.044

  Gastrointestinal tract

1442 (7.7)

888 (4.8)

1.86 (1.69–2.05)

< 0.001

  Parkinsonism

107 (0.6)

100 (0.5)

1.28 (0.76–2.16)

0.358

 Antihistamine

    

  First generation

3234 (17.3)

1817 (9.7)

2.26 (2.11–2.43)

< 0.001

  Second/third generation

4372 (23.4)

2615 (14.0)

2.27 (2.13–2.42)

< 0.001

 Inhaled bronchodilators

    

  SABA

2615 (14.0)

1087 (5.8)

3.25 (2.98–3.54)

< 0.001

  SAMA

305 (1.6)

60 (0.3)

6.56 (4.78–9.01)

< 0.001

  SABA + SAMA

154 (0.8)

79 (0.4)

2.50 (1.80–3.47)

< 0.001

  LABA

3 (0.02)

0 (0.0)

–

–

  LAMA

37 (0.2)

30 (0.2)

1.44 (0.76–2.72)

0.265

  LABA + ICS

1575 (8.4)

1217 (6.5)

1.55 (1.41–1.72)

< 0.001

  LABA + LAMA + ICS

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

–

–

  ICS

381 (2.0)

283 (1.5)

1.50 (1.25–1.80)

< 0.001

 Oral bronchodilators

    

  Xanthium

3844 (20.6)

1771 (9.5)

3.40 (3.15–3.66)

< 0.001

  Leukotriene receptor antagonists

550 (3.0)

404 (2.2)

1.78 (1.49–2.12)

< 0.001

  1. GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid, LABA: long-acting β-agonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OR: odds ratio; SABA: short-acting β-agonist; SAMA: short-acting muscarinic antagonist