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Table 1 Total direct and indirect costs of ILD.

From: A systematic review on the economic burden of interstitial lung disease and the cost-effectiveness of current therapies

Study

Country

Study period

Cost component

Population

Sample size

Mean annual cost per patient (2020 USD)

GDP per capita

(2020 USD)

Proportion of GDP per capita (%)

Direct Costs

Collard [2]

US

2001–2008

Total direct

IPF

9286

32,834

58,160

56

Collard [40]

US

2000–2011

Total direct

IPF

7855

24,198

57,395

42

Mortimer [41]

US

2008–2014

Total direct

IPF

4716

23,773

60,183

40

Raimundo [42]

US

2009–2011

Total direct

IPF

3619

70,051

57,395

122

Corral [33]

US

2014–2018

Total direct

IPF

1455

116,927

64,999

180

Kalluri [34]

Canada

2012–2018

Total direct

IPF

2768

49,251

47,879

103

Tarride [11]

Canada

2006–2011

Total direct

IPF

8683

10,991

60,088

18

Kim [43]

Korea

2009–2013

Total direct

IPF

18,006

1,824

30,200

6

Hilberg [19]

Denmark

2003–2009

Total direct

IPF

120

30,513

70,167

43

Olson [44]

US

2014–2016

Total direct

Non-IPF PF-ILD

373

85,589

62,567

137

Frank [45]

Germany

2010–2013

Total direct

IIP

14,453

18,196

51,437

35

Morrisroe [46]

Australia

2008–2015

Total direct

SSc-ILD

335

8,473

61,975

14

Gayle [47]

England

2005–2016

Total direct

SSc-ILD

127

10,398*

44,264

23

Fisher [48]

US

2003–2014

Total direct

SSc-ILD

219

42,878

60,183

71

Zhou [20]

US

2005–2015

Total direct

SSc-ILD

479

39,560

62,092

64

Raimundo [49]

US

2004–2013

Total direct

RA-ILD

11,845

38,907

59,001

66

Indirect Costs

Algamdi [16]

Canada

2015–2017

Productivity loss

Fibrotic ILD

148

9,313

47,650

20

Algamdi [17]

Canada

2015–2017

Productivity loss

CTD-ILD

113

10,902

47,650

23

Zhou [20]

US

2005–2015

Productivity loss

SSc-ILD

479

7,149

62,092

12

Hilberg [19]

Denmark

2003–2009

Income loss

IPF

120

9,901

70,167

14

  1. Costs are attributable (i.e., total costs directly associated with the ILD, rather than excess costs relative to a control). The GDP per capita is based on the study country. The proportion of GDP per capita represents the mean annual cost per patient relative to the country’s GDP per capita based on 2020 USD [12]. Productivity loss includes absenteeism and presenteeism. *Median cost. Abbreviations: GDP, gross domestic product; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; PF-ILD, progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SSc, systemic sclerosis