Fig. 3

The short-term effects of tiotropium on cilia-driven flow and ciliary motility Murine tracheal epithelia were incubated for 1 h with/without tiotropium (TIO) in the culture medium. Cilia-driven flow and ciliary motility were then evaluated. A. Representative bead trajectories of cilia-driven flow (rainbow trace for 4.4 s). B. the histogram of the cilia-driven flows (200 beads from 4 tracheas) in each condition. C. the bar chart of the cilia-driven flow demonstrated that TIO significantly increased cilia-driven flow (control, 8.26 ± 0.11 μm/s; GLY, 10.59 ± 0.72 μm/s; n = 4 tracheas in each condition). D. Kymographs of ciliary beating. E. TIO significantly increased ciliary beat frequency (CBF; control, 17.58 [10.55–23.44] Hz; TIO, 19.92 [14.06–24.61] Hz; n = 30 cilia in each condition). F. The ciliary beating amplitude did not differ between the conditions (control, 4.56 ± 0.13 μm; TIO, 4.56 ± 0.10 μm). G and H. The effective stroke velocity (G) (control, 606.9 ± 33.3 μm/s; TIO, 794.0 ± 27.9 μm/s) and recovery stroke velocity (H) (control, 494.0 ± 30.7 μm/s; TIO, 683.1 ± 29.7 μm/s) were significantly increased by TIO treatment compared with the control. I. The ratio of effective stroke velocity to recovery stroke velocity (E/R ratio) did not differ between the two conditions (control, 1.29 ± 0.07; TIO, 1.20 ± 0.04). Ctrl, control