Table 3 Risk factors for chronic cough
Variables | Categories of variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp. (95% CI) | P value | Exp. (95% CI) | P value | ||
Age (years) | 40–49 | 1.000 |  | 1.000 |  |
50–59 | 0.667 (0.342–1.301) | 0.234 | 0.594 (0.284–1.244) | 0.167 | |
60–69 | 1.866 (1.090–3.195) | 0.023* | 1.315 (0.673–2.567) | 0.423 | |
≥70 | 2.464 (1.464–4.145) | 0.001** | 2.396 (1.192–4.816) | 0.014* | |
Sex | Female | 1.000 | Â | 1.000 | Â |
Male | 1.343 (0.938–1.923) | 0.107 | 0.603 (0.349–1.042) | 0.070 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | Underweight (<18.5) | 1.668 (0.699–3.982) | 0.249 | 1.727 (0.613–4.865) | 0.301 |
Normal (18.5–22.9) | 1.000 |  | 1.000 |  | |
Overweight (23–24.9) | 1.164 (0.752–1.800) | 0.496 | 0.925 (0.548–1.559) | 0.769 | |
Obese I (25.0–29.9) | 0.645 (0.398–1.046) | 0.075 | 0.517 (0.293–0.913) | 0.023* | |
Obese II (≥30) | 0.911 (0.385–2.154) | 0.831 | 0.549 (0.194–1.557) | 0.260 | |
Smoking habit | No-smoker | 1.000 | Â | 1.000 | Â |
Current-smoker | 2.539 (1.710–3.768) | <0.001*** | 3.080 (1.829–5.186) | <0.001*** | |
Hypertension | Normal | 1.000 | Â | 1.000 | Â |
Pre-hypertension | 1.517 (0.931–2.471) | 0.095 | 1.190 (0.674–2.099) | 0.549 | |
Hypertension | 1.428 (0.911–2.238) | 0.120 | 0.591 (0.318–1.096) | 0.095 | |
Diabetes mellitus | Normal | 1.000 | Â | Â | Â |
Pre-diabetes | 1.474 (0.938–2.316) | 0.092 |  |  | |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.506 (0.866–2.617) | 0.147 |  |  | |
Asthma history | No asthma history | 1.000 | Â | 1.000 | Â |
Asthma history | 4.652 (2.584–8.374) | <0.001*** | 2.606 (1.124–6.042) | 0.026* | |
Allergic rhinitis history | No AR history | 1.000 | Â | Â | Â |
AR history | 0.976 (0.555–1.717) | 0.934 |  |  | |
Sinusitis history | No sinusitis history | 1.000 | Â | Â | Â |
Sinusitis history | 1.208 (0.582–2.504) | 0.612 |  |  | |
FEV1 (% of predicted) | ≥80 | 1.000 |  | 1.000 |  |
≥50–<80 | 2.287 (1.519–3.441) | <0.001*** | 1.936 (1.249–3.001) | 0.003** | |
<50 | 10.348 (4.119–25.999) | <0.001*** | 5.327 (1.853–15.314) | 0.002** | |
House income | High | 1.000 | Â | Â | Â |
Middle–high | 1.073 (0.569–2.022) | 0.828 |  |  | |
Middle–low | 1.900 (1.093–3.304) | 0.023* |  |  | |
Low | 2.866 (1.686–4.871) | <0.001*** |  |  | |
Educational level | High (>9years) | 1.000 | Â | Â | Â |
Low (≤9 years) | 1.468 (1.024–2.105) | 0.036* |  |  | |
Economic activity | Employed | 1.000 | Â | 1.000 | Â |
Unemployed, inactive | 1.932 (1.345–2.775) | <0.001*** | 1.660 (1.047–2.633) | 0.031* | |
STOP-Bang | 0–2 | 1.000 |  | 1.000 |  |
3–4 | 1.401 (0.950–2.067) | 0.089 | 2.230 (1.251–3.975) | 0.007** | |
5–8 | 2.602 (1.495–4.527) | 0.001** | 6.614 (2.816–15.537) | <0.001*** | |