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Table 1 Demographic data of patients with AECOPD (n = 413)

From: Risk factors for hyponatremia in acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD): a multicenter cross-sectional study

Characteristics

Normonatremia (n = 323)

Hyponatremia (n = 90)

Statistical values

P value

Age (years)

70.62 ± 9.06

72.02 ± 8.82

 − 1.30

0.193

Sex [Male n (%)]

251 (77.7%)

69 (76.7%)

0.04

0.834

Body mass index (BMI)

22.25 ± 3.38

22.22 ± 3.61

0.06

0.954

Smoking

  

 − 2.19

0.029

 Non-smoking

108 (33.4%)

41 (45.6%)

  

 Ex-smoking

76 (23.5%)

20 (22.2%)

  

 Current-smoking

139 (43.1%)

29 (32.2%)

  

GOLD stages

  

 − 1.15

0.251

 Stage I: mild (≥ 80%)

24 (7.4%)

10 (11.1%)

  

 Stage II: moderate (50–79%)

115 (35.6%)

23 (25.5%)

  

 Stage III: severe (30–49%)

94 (29.1%)

25 (27.8%)

  

 Stage IV: very severe (< 30%) without respiratory failure

26 (8.1%)

7 (7.8%)

  

 Respiratory failure

64 (19.8%)

25 (27.8%)

  

Underlying diseases/co-morbidities

 Pleural effusion [n, (%)]

7 (2.2%)

9 (10.0%)

11.60

0.001

 CAP [n, (%)]

124 (38.4%)

65 (72.2%)

32.46

0.000

 CAD [n, (%)]

56 (17.3%)

22 (24.4%)

2.32

0.128

 Hypertension [n, (%)]

124 (38.4%)

38 (42.2%)

0.43

0.510

 T2DM [n, (%)]

49 (15.2%)

19 (21.1%)

1.81

0.179

 Af [n, (%)]

11 (3.4%)

8 (8.9%)

4.82

0.028

 CTD [n, (%)]

2 (0.6%)

1 (1.1%)

0.24

0.627

 Pneumothorax [n, (%)]

2 (0.6%)

2 (2.2%)

1.89

0.170

Mechanical ventilation (MV)

  

 − 1.89

0.058

 Non-ventilation [n, (%)]

300 (92.9%)

78 (86.7%)

  

 NIPPV [n, (%)]

23 (7.1%)

11 (12.2%)

  

 IPPV [n, (%)]

0 (0.0%)

1 (1.1%)

  
  1. AECOPD Acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, BMI Body mass index, CAP Community-acquired pneumonia, CAD Coronary artery disease, T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Af Atrial fibrillation, CTD Connective tissue disease, NIPPV Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation, IPPV Invasive positive pressure ventilation