Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics
Total (N = 113) | Control group (N = 50) | Treated group (N = 63) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 63 (11) | 62 (9.7) | 64 (11.9) | 0.367 |
Male gender | 93 (82.3%) | 43 (86%) | 50 (79.4%) | 0.359 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.1 (5.2) | 30.6 (5.62) | 27.9 (4.52) | 0.085 |
Smoking | 0.025 | |||
- Never smoker | 36 (31.9%) | 21 (42%) | 15 (23.8%) | |
- Ex-smoker | 65 (57.5%) | 28 (56%) | 37 (58.7%) | |
- Current smoker | 3 (2.7%) | 0 | 3 (4.8%) | |
Hypertension | 31 (27.4%) | 18 (36%) | 13 (20.6%) | 0.069 |
Diabetes Mellitus | 23 (20.4%) | 14 (28%) | 9 (14.3%) | 0.072 |
COPD | 13 (11.5%) | 4 (8%) | 9 (14.3%) | 0.298 |
Asthma | 8 (7.1%) | 3 (6%) | 5 (7.9%) | 0.494 |
Malignancy | 1 (0.9%) | 0 | 1 (1.6%) | 0.558 |
Hematologic malignancy | 2 (1.8%) | 0 | 2 (3.2%) | 0.309 |
Cardiovascular disease | 17 (15%) | 6 (12%) | 11 (17.5%) | 0.420 |
Heart failure | 1 (0.9%) | 0 | 1 (1.6%) | 0.558 |
Arrhythmia | 11 (9.7%) | 4 (8%) | 7 (11.1%) | 0.412 |
Chronic kidney disease | 3 (2.7%) | 2 (4%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0.413 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 7 (6.2%) | 5 (10%) | 2 (3.2%) | 0.136 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 6 (5.3%) | 3 (6%) | 3 (4.8%) | 0.545 |
Auto-immune disease | 13 (11.5%) | 7 (14%) | 6 (9.5%) | 0.459 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index | 0.84 (1.11) | 0.94 (1.13) | 0.75 (1.10) | 0.295 |
Oxygen support at baseline† | 0.029 | |||
- Nasal oxygen | 62 (54.9%) | 27 (54%) | 35 (55.6%) | |
- Oxymask/NRM | 28 (24.8%) | 11 (22%) | 17 (27%) | |
- High flow nasal cannula | 14 (12.4%) | 4 (8%) | 10 (15.9%) | |
- Mechanical ventilation | 9 (8.0%) | 8 (16%) | 1 (1.6%) | |
WHO score baseline†** | 0.012 | |||
- 4: hospitalisation, requiring oxygen | 90 (79.6%) | 37 (76%) | 52 (82.5%) | |
- 5: hospitalisation, requiring high-flow nasal oxygen therapy or non-invasive ventilation | 14 (12.4%) | 4 (8%) | 10 (15.9%) | |
- 6: hospitalisation, requiring ECMO, invasive mechanical ventilation or both | 9 (8.0%) | 8 (16%) | 1 (1.6%) |