The adjusted impact of different severities of acute exacerbations and medications on the risk of developing dementia in COPD patients

Table 3 The adjusted effect of medications on dementia

Short-term medications			Long-term medications
Variables	Occurrence of new-onset dementia		Variables	Occurrence of new-onset dementia
Variables	HR^a	95% CI	Variables	HR^a	95% CI
Model 1			Model 1
COPD group	2.35	2.09–2.64	COPD group	2.28	2.03–2.56
Control group^b	1.00	1.00	Control group^b	1.00	1.00
Model 2			Model 2
COPD group	2.12	2.05–2.62	COPD group	2.10	1.91–2.45
Control group^b	1.00	1.00	Control group^b	1.00	1.00
Model 3			Model 3
COPD group	2.40	2.14–2.70	COPD group	2.34	2.08–2.62
Control group^b	1.00	1.00	Control group^b	1.00	1.00
Model 4			Model 4
COPD group	2.31	2.04–2.61	COPD group	2.15	1.91–2.43
Control group^b	1.00	1.00	Control group^b	1.00	1.00

The HR was calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model stratified by age, sex and the year of index hospitalization
^a All HRs were adjusted for demographics and baseline comorbidities (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, renal failure, liver cirrhosis, stroke and osteoporosis)
^bReference group
Model 1: Adjusted for the use of antibiotics
Model 2: Adjusted for the use of bronchodilators
Model 3: Adjusted for the use of corticosteroids
Model 4: Adjusted for the use of all drugs (antibiotics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids). ^a

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