Fig. 1

CS + LPS increases lung inflammation and decreases airway compliance in mice. (A) Study design for COPD model caused by cigarette smoke exposure and LPS-triggered COPD exacerbation model. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 90 days with intranasal inhalation of LPS on days 91 and 105. (B) Penh value of mice challenged with increasing dose of methacholine (n = 15). (C) Lung sections were subjected to H&E staining. (n = 5). (D) Airway or peri-airway inflammation was assessed. (n = 5). (E) Numbers of total cells, neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes in mouse BALFs. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 (n = 5)