Table 2 Influence of COVID-19 on each of the parameters of glycemic abnormality unadjusted and adjusted for the variables sex, history of diabetes, presumed obesity, age, APACHE II scores, SOFA scores, CRP levels, and corticosteroid use

COVID-19 ^a

837

1.144 (1.054–1.241)

0.001

833

1.034 (0.959–1.115)

0.380

Male sex ^b

837

0.939 (0.884–0.999)

0.046

0.981 (0.93–1.035)

0.489

History of diabetes ^c

837

1.518 (1.43–1.611)

< 0.001

1.479 (1.395–1.568)

0.000

Presumed obesity ^d

837

1.084 (1.015–1.159)

0.017

1.032 (0.973–1.094)

0.293

Charlson Comorbidity Index

837

1.036 (1.013–1.059)

0,002

-

-

Age

837

1.002 (1–1.003)

0.080

0.997 (0.996–0.999)

0.003

APACHE II scores

837

1.012 (1.009–1.015)

< 0.001

1.008 (1.005–1.012)

0.000

SOFA scores in the first 24 h

837

1.034 (1.023–1.046)

< 0.001

1.017 (1.005–1.028)

0.005

CRP in the first 24 h

833

1.001 (1.001–1.001)

< 0.001

1.000 (1.000–1.001)

0.039

Use of corticosteroids ^f

837

1.180 (1.108–1.257)

< 0.001

1.163 (1.099–1.231)

0.000

BIC: 838.168‡

Factors associated with highest glucose levels during hospitalization

n ^$

e ^Coef. (95% CI) unadjusted*

p value ^§

n ^$$

e ^Coef. (95% CI) adjusted**

p value ^§

COVID-19 ^a

841

1.237 (1.133–1.35)

< 0.001

837

1.067 (0.995–1.145)

0.069

Male sex ^b

841

0.959 (0.898–1.025)

0.217

-

-

History of diabetes ^c

841

1.583 (1.485–1.688)

< 0.001

1.524 (1.444–1.609)

0.000

Presumed obesity ^d

841

1.177 (1.096–1.264)

< 0.001

1.098 (1.039–1.161)

0.001

Charlson Comorbidity Index

841

1.061 (1.035–1.086)

< 0.001

-

-

Age

841

1.004 (1.002–1.006)

< 0.001

0.999 (0.998–1.001)

0.369

APACHE II scores

841

1.014 (1.011–1.018)

< 0.001

1.003 (1–1.006)

0.060

Nosocomial infection ^e

841

1.57 (1.455–1.695)

< 0.001

1.376 (1.29–1.468)

0.000

Mean SOFA during ICU stay

841

1.068 (1.058–1.079)

< 0.001

1.045 (1.032–1.057)

0.000

Mean CRP during ICU stay

837

1.002 (1.001–1.002)

< 0.001

1.000 (1.000–1.000)

0.745

Use of corticosteroids ^f

837

1.211 (1.131–1.296)

< 0.001

1.172 (1.111–1.236)

0.000

BIC: 741.262‡

Factors associated with mean glycemic levels during hospitalization

n ^$

e ^Coef. (95% CI) unadjusted*

p value ^§

n ^$$

e ^Coef. (95% CI) adjusted**

p value ^§

COVID-19 ^a

841

1.121 (1.054–1.191)

< 0.001

837

1.029 (0.977–1.084)

0.284

Male sex ^b

841

0.977 (0.933–1.023)

0.312

-

-

History of diabetes ^c

841

1.432 (1.371–1.495)

< 0.001

1.398 (1.342–1.455)

< 0.001

Presumed obesity ^d

841

1.123 (1.069–1.18)

< 0.001

1.078 (1.035–1.123)

< 0.001

Charlson Comorbidity Index

841

1.044 (1.027–1.062)

< 0.001

-

-

Age

841

1.003 (1.001–1.004)

< 0.001

0.999 (0.998–1.001)

0.267

APACHE II

841

1.009 (1.007–1.012)

< 0.001

1.004 (1.001–1.006)

0.003

Nosocomial infection ^e

841

1.185 (1.121–1.254)

< 0.001

1.101 (1.049–1.155)

< 0.001

Mean SOFA during ICU stay

841

1.035 (1.028–1.043)

< 0.001

1.02 (1.011–1.029)

< 0.001

Mean CRP during ICU stay

837

1.001 (1.001–1.001)

< 0.001

1.000 (1.000–1.000)

0.466

Use of corticosteroids ^f

837

1.104 (1.053–1.158)

< 0.001

1.089 (1.047–1.134)

< 0.001

BIC: 252.794‡

Factors associated with % of days with hyperglycemia (≥ 180 mg/dL)

n ^$

Coef. (95% CI) unadjusted ^#

p value ^§

n ^$$

Coef. (95% CI) adjusted ^##

p value ^§

COVID-19 ^a

841

13.528 (6.44–20.616)

< 0.001

837

3.233 (-2.813–9.28)

0.295

Male sex ^b

841

-3.805 (-9.13–1.519)

0.161

0.176 (-4.178–4.53)

0.937

History of diabetes ^c

841

41.881 (36.895–46.867)

< 0.001

39.565 (34.869–44.261)

0.000

Presumed obesity ^d

841

9.123 (3.364–14.881)

0.002

4.271 (-0.483–9.026)

0.078

Charlson Comorbidity Index

841

5.365 (3.437–7.294)

< 0.001

-

-

Age

841

0.328 (0.17–0.487)

< 0.001

-0.051 (-0.196–0.094)

0.490

APACHE II scores

841

1.036 (0.774–1.298)

< 0.001

0.356 (0.075–0.636)

0.013

Nosocomial infection ^e

841

20.309 (13.848–26.77)

< 0.001

12.01 (6.443–17.576)

0.000

Mean SOFA during ICU stay

841

3.965 (3.121–4.808)

< 0.001

2.164 (1.131–3.197)

0.000

Mean CRP during ICU stay

837

0.107 (0.074–0.139)

< 0.001

0.023 (-0.009–0.055)

0.163

Use of corticosteroid ^f

837

12.994 (7.495–18.493)

< 0.001

12.054 (7.443–16.665)

0.000

BIC: 8208.738‡

Factors associated with mean glucose variability (CV %) during ICU stay

n ^$

Coef. (95% CI) unadjusted ^#

p value ^§

n ^$$

Coef. (95% CI) adjusted ^##

p value ^§

COVID-19 ^a

765

4.243 (1.033–7.454)

0.010

762

1.999 (-0.773–4.771)

0.158

Male sex ^b

765

-3.114 (-5.392 - -0.837)

0.007

-0.716 (-2.642–1.21)

0.466

History of diabetes ^c

765

16.237 (14.071–18.404)

< 0.001

15.04 (12.978–17.102)

< 0.001

Presumed obesity ^d

765

-1.634 (-4.114–0.847)

0.202

-

-

Charlson Comorbidity Index

765

3.279 (2.44–4.119)

< 0.001

-

-

Age

765

0.204 (0.136–0.272)

< 0.001

0.011 (-0.053–0.076)

0.730

APACHE II scores

765

0.527 (0.413–0.64)

< 0.001

0.252 (0.127–0.377)

< 0.001

Nosocomial infection ^e

765

4.282 (1.532–7.033)

0.002

1.186 (-1.216–3.588)

0.333

Mean SOFA during ICU stay

765

1.678 (1.303–2.052)

< 0.001

1.012 (0.545–1.479)

< 0.001

Mean CRP during ICU stay

762

0.033 (0.019–0.047)

< 0.001

-0.003 (-0.017–0.012)

0.722

Use of corticosteroid ^f

765

4.197 (1.744–6.65)

< 0.001

4.098 (2.018–6.178)

< 0.001

BIC: 6153.797‡