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Table 4 Univariable and multivariable analysis to determine significant risk factors for incorrect performance at any critical step of a prescribed inhalation technique at 1 month after inhaler use training

From: Cognitive impairment according to Montreal Cognitive Assessment independently predicts the ability of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients to maintain proper inhaler technique

Univariable (total n = 66)

Multivariable (n = 57)

Variables

n

Incorrect, n (%)

OR (95% CI)

p-value

aOR (95% CI)

p-value

Age

  > 75 years

28

20 (71.4)

3.8 (1.3–10.9)

0.010*

1.9 (0.5–7.3)

0.345

  ≤ 75 years (Ref)

38

15 (39.5)

    

Education

 Low (≤ 6 years)

36

22 (61.1)

2.1 (0.8–5.5)

0.150

1.2 (0.3–4.5)

0.760

 High (> 6 years) (Ref)

30

13 (43.3)

    

Duration of disease

  > 3 years

38

23 (60.5)

2.0 (0.8–5.5)

0.155

3.5 (0.8–16.2)

0.105

  ≤ 3 years (Ref)

28

12 (42.9)

    

Baseline FEV1

  < 50% predicted

20

12 (60.0)

1.5 (0.5–4.4)

0.454

  

  ≥ 50% predicted (Ref)

46

23 (50.0)

    

Baseline mMRC scale score

  ≥ 2

27

17 (63.0)

2.0 (0.7–5.4)

0.179

1.1 (0.3–4.9)

0.877

  < 2 (Ref)

39

18 (46.1)

    

Baseline CAT score

  ≥ 10

26

15 (57.7)

1.4 (0.5–3.7)

0.541

  

  < 10 (Ref)

40

20 (50.0)

    

Frequent exacerbations

 Yes

20

10 (50.0)

0.8 (0.3–2.4)

0.745

  

 No (Ref)

46

25 (54.3)

    

Number of devices

      

  ≥ 2 devices

47

23 (48.9)

0.6 (0.2–1.7)

0.295

  

  < 2 devices (Ref)

19

12 (63.2)

    

Prescribed inhalers

 Newly prescribed (≤ 6 months)

11

3 (27.3)

0.3 (0.1–1.1)

0.061

0.5 (0.1–3.5)

0.479

 Long standing (> 6 months) (Ref)

55

32 (58.2)

    

MoCA score

  ≤ 24

46

25 (54.3)

1.4 (0.4–5.4)

0.596

  

  > 24 (Ref)

11

5 (45.5)

    

  ≤ 16

16

14 (87.5)

10.9 (2.2–54.7)

0.001*

12.7 (1.8–88.2)

0.010*

  > 16 (Ref)

41

16 (39.0)

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