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Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies regarding the frailty and clinical outcomes of COPD

From: Prevalence and clinical impact of frailty in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis

First author/Year

Country

Design

Settings

Sample size

Frailty measure

Age(year)

Male(N, %)

Smoking status(never/former/current, N)

GOLD

(I/II/III/IV, N)

Frailty prevalence, (N, %)

Finamore 2021 [22]

Italy

Clinical trial

Patients with stable COPD (GOLD I-III)

53

PRISMA-7: score equal or above 3 indicates individuals with an increased risk to be frail;

TUG: A cutoff of 10 s has demonstrated to be sensitive in discriminating frail individuals

73 ± 8

26,49%

NA

1/35/17/0

38, 71.70%

Kagiali 2022 [23]

Turkey

Cross-sectional

Patients with stable COPD

48

FFP

Frail group: 67.35 ± 5.13;

Non-frail group: 65.11 ± 4.66

38,79%

NA

NA

20, 41.67%

Kennedy 2019 [10]

America

Cohort-study

Nonsmokers (abstinent > 6 month) with moderate to severe COPD

886

FFP

67 (IQR, 63–70)

563,63.5%

never + former: 886

NA

57, 6.43%

Luo 2021 [11]

China

Cohort-study

Older adults (≥ 65) with stable COPD

309

FFP

86 (IQR: 80–90)

241,78%

143/99/67

114/162/30/3

154, 49.84%

Gale 2018 [26]

UK

Cross-sectional

Community-based patients with stable COPD

520

FI-GCA

Frail: 63.7 ± 8.2;

Non-frail: 67.1 ± 7.1

270, 51.9%

NA

NA

143, 27.50%

Galizia 2011 [34]

Italy

Cohort-study

Patients aged 65y with COPD

489

Frailty staging system combining seven core domains of functioning: disability, mobility, cognitive function, visual function, hearing function, urinary continence, and social support.

74.9 ± 6.3

268,54.8%

253/127/109

NA

239, 48.88%

Gephine 2021 [25]

Canada

Cross-sectional

Patients with COPD (aged 40y) with chronic respiratory failure

44

FFP

66 ± 8

30.68%

NA

0/3/18/23

19, 43.18%

Park 2021 [36]

Korea

Cross-sectional

Community-based patients with COPD

417

Six criteria were available including weight loss, physical activity, mobility, hearing, strength for physical frailty, and anxiety/depression for psychological frailty.

65.36 ± 9.35

409,98.1%

0/258/159

207/194/15(1/2/3&4)

148, 35.49%

Kusunose 2017 [27]

Japan

Cross-sectional

Patients with stable COPD

79

The Kihon Checklist

74.8 ± 6.3

NA

Former + current: 79

24/40/12/3

17, 21.52%

Maddocks 2016 [29]

UK

Cohort study

Outpatients with stable COPD

816

FFP

69.8 ± 9.7

484,59.3%

54/624/146

NA

209, 25.61%

Medina-Mirapeix 2018 [32]

Spain

Cross-sectional

Outpatients with stable COPD aged 40–80 years

137

FFP

66.9 ± 8.3

120,87.6%

NA

NA

12, 8.76%

Naval 2021 [24]

Spain

Cross-sectional

Outpatients with stable COPD

127

FFP

66.5 ± 7.9

108,85.0%

NA

1/58/57/9

31, 24.41%

Yee 2020 [13]

USA

Cohort study

Outpatients with COPD

280

FFP

Frail: 68.6 ± 9.2;

Prefrail:66.9 ± 8.4;

Non-frail:69.4 ± 8.0

224,80%

Current smoker: 76

0/112/115/55

64, 22.86%

Dias 2020 [35]

Brasil

Cross-sectional

Outpatients with COPD

153

FRAIL Scale

Frail: 67.0 (61.0–71.5);

Prefrail:70.0 (65.0–73.0);

Non-frail:69.5 (60.5–80.5)

84,54.9%

NA

NA

77, 50.33%

Hanlon 2022 [30]

UK

Cohort study

Community-based patients with COPD aged 40–70 years

3011

FFP*;

the frailty index

61.9 ± 5.9

1650,54.8%

477/1580/926

1141/993/500/102

514, 17.07%

Hirai 2019 [28]

Japan

Cross-sectional

Older (aged ≥ 65 years) outpatients with COPD

201

The Kihon Checklist*;

Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study;

Study of Osteoporotic Fractures

76 (IQR: 70–81)

175,87%

NA

46/102/42/10

76, 37.81%

Lahousse 2016 [31]

The Netherlands

Cohort study

Community-based patients with COPD

402

FFP

75 ± 9

229,57%

62/259/81

200/174/28/0

41, 10.20%

Bernabeu-Mora 2017 [14]

Spain

Cohort study

Patients during hospitalization for AECOPD

102

REFS

71.0 ± 9.1

96,93.2%

Active smoker: 35

NA

57, 55.88%

Scarlata 2021 [33]

Italy

Cohort study

Outpatients with stable COPD

150

Frailty index

73 ± 8

107,72%

15/84/51

NA

71, 47.33%

Ushida 2022 [12]

Japan

Cohort study

Patients admitted by ambulance with COPD

3,396

HFRS

75.9 ± 11.2

2703,79.6%

NA

NA

14%

  1. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AECOPD acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, TUG Timed “Up and Go” test, GOLD Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, FFP Fried frailty phenotype, FI-GCA the comprehensive geriatric assessment and a frailty index, REFS Reported Edmonton Frail Scale, HFRS Hospital Frailty Risk Score, NA not available. * Select the frailty measurement to analyze