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  1. The burden of hospitalizations and mortality for hemoptysis due to bronchiectasis is not well characterized. The primary outcome of our study was to evaluate in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with hem...

    Authors: Rachel K. Lim, Alain Tremblay, Shengjie Lu and Ranjani Somayaji
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:392
  2. Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality, and cesarean section is an established independent risk factor for PE. The diagnostic utility of D-dimer for PE in non-pregnant...

    Authors: Limin Zhang, Yunqiu Chen, Wenjuan Liu, Xinzhuo Wang, Shuang Zhang, Wenyan Zhang, Shuai Zhao, Miaomiao Zhang, Su Zhang and Guangyu Jiao
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:391
  3. As lung transplantation (LTX) is a valuable treatment procedure for end-stage pulmonary disease, delayed referral to a transplant center should be avoided. We aimed to conduct a single-center analysis of the s...

    Authors: Takashi Hirama, Miki Akiba, Tatsuaki Watanabe, Yui Watanabe, Hirotsugu Notsuda, Hisashi Oishi, Hiromichi Niikawa and Yoshinori Okada
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:390
  4. There is little evidence about the factors that predict persistence/adherence in treatment-naïve patients with COPD in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate persistence and adherence levels ...

    Authors: Elsa López-Pintor, Justo Grau and Blanca Lumbreras
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:388

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2022 22:82

  5. Given the increased incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), noninvasive screening methods are urgently needed to screen for OSA risk in these pa...

    Authors: Yang-Bor Lu, Yu-Chieh Weng, Yung-Ning Huang, Hsiung-Ying Huang, Pei-Ting Cheng, Hui-Shan Hsieh and Ming-Shao Tsai
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:387
  6. There is a lack of studies comparing PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation be...

    Authors: Yang Li, Lanfang Min and Xin Zhang
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:386
  7. Allergic asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease with a number of cytokines participating in its pathogenesis and progress. Interleukin (IL)-22, which is derived from lymphocytes, acts on epithelial ce...

    Authors: Jingru Wang, Shengnan Gao, Jingyuan Zhang, Chunxiao Li, Hongwen Li and Jiangtao Lin
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:385
  8. Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a central mechanism in the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and remodeling of type VI collagen has been suggested to be associated with diseas...

    Authors: Henrik Jessen, Nils Hoyer, Thomas S. Prior, Peder Frederiksen, Sarah R. Rønnow, Morten A. Karsdal, Diana J. Leeming, Elisabeth Bendstrup, Jannie M. B. Sand and Saher B. Shaker
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:382
  9. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

    Authors: Jing Ning, Shenyi Jiang, Xiaoxi Li, Yang Wang, Xuhong Deng, Zhiqiang Zhang, Lijie He, Daqing Wang and Youhong Jiang
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:381

    The original article was published in BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:199

  10. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common cause of atypical community acquired pneumonia (CAP). The diagnostic approach of chlamydial infections remains a challenge. Diagnosis of delayed chlamydial-associated complication...

    Authors: Konstantinos G. Kyriakoulis, Anastasios Kollias, George E. Diakos, Ioannis P. Trontzas, Eleni Fyta, Nikolaos K. Syrigos and Garyphallia Poulakou
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:380
  11. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in premature infants, characterized by alveolar dysplasia and pulmonary microvascular remodeling. In the present study, we have inve...

    Authors: Yue Zhu, Huimin Ju, Hongyan Lu, Wei Tang, Junying Lu and Qiuxia Wang
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:379
  12. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is one cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and can also emerge along with PH. The clinical diagnosis and treatment of OSA in patients with PH are still controversial. The purpos...

    Authors: Lu Yan, Zhihui Zhao, Qing Zhao, Qi Jin, Yi Zhang, Xin Li, Anqi Duan, Qin Luo and Zhihong Liu
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:378
  13. Preventing pulmonary vascular remodeling is a key strategy for pulmonary hypertension (PH). Causes of PH include pulmonary vasoconstriction and inflammation. This study aimed to determine whether cilostazol (C...

    Authors: Toshikazu Ito, Erquan Zhang, Ayaka Omori, Jane Kabwe, Masako Kawai, Junko Maruyama, Amphone Okada, Ayumu Yokochi, Hirofumi Sawada, Yoshihide Mitani and Kazuo Maruyama
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:377
  14. Cigarettes smoking and IL-17A contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and have synergistical effect on bronchial epithelial cell proliferation. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C-EBPβ) cou...

    Authors: Shuyuan Chu, Libing Ma, Yashan Wu, Xiaoli Zhao, Bo Xiao and Qilu Pan
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:376
  15. Tuberculosis, as a communicable disease, is an ongoing global epidemic that accounts for high burden of global mortality and morbidity. Globally, with an estimated 10 million new cases and around 1.4 million d...

    Authors: Deepak Dhamnetiya, Priyanka Patel, Ravi Prakash Jha, Neha Shri, Mayank Singh and Krittika Bhattacharyya
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:375
  16. Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are the second most frequent diagnosis after Malaria amongst Outpatients in Uganda. Majority are Non pneumonia cough and flu which are self-limiting and often do not require ...

    Authors: Timothy Eria Muwanguzi, Tadele Mekuriya Yadesa and Amon Ganafa Agaba
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:374
  17. Nivolumab is used for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). However, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) occur in patients treated with nivolumab. Several studies have reported the correlati...

    Authors: Hiroto Yoneda, Hiroshi Nokihara, Atsushi Mitsuhashi, Ryohiko Ozaki, Yohei Yabuki, Hirokazu Ogino, Kenji Otsuka and Yasuhiko Nishioka
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:373
  18. Today, over 300 million people reside with asthma worldwide and India alone is home for 6% of children and 2% of adults suffering from this chronic disease. A common notion of disparity persists in terms of he...

    Authors: Rashmi Rashmi, Pradeep Kumar, Shobhit Srivastava and T. Muhammad
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:372
  19. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a kind of chronic lung diseases with the characteristics of airway remodeling and airflow obstruction. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG) is an anti-inflammator...

    Authors: Ye Yang, Lei Huang, Chongchong Tian and Bingjun Qian
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:371
  20. Many patients with polymyositis (PM) or dermatomyositis (DM) have circulating myositis-specific antibodies (MSAs). Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common manifestation of PM/DM, and it can even precede th...

    Authors: Abhinav K. Misra, Nathan L. Wong, Terrance T. Healey, Edward V. Lally and Barry S. Shea
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:370
  21. Research into the effects of asthma treatments on the extra-pulmonary symptoms of severe asthma is limited by the absence of a suitable questionnaire. The aim was to create a questionnaire suitable for interve...

    Authors: Giulio de Felice, Michael E. Hyland, Joseph W. Lanario, Yuri Antonacci, Rupert C. Jones and Matthew Masoli
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:369
  22. Lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces, especially solitary multicystic lesion lung cancer, is a rare disease (a rare imaging performance of non-small cell lung cancer). It is difficult to diagnose owing...

    Authors: Xi Tang, Gang Liu, Xianglan Tan, Chengjun Liu, Jin Xiang and Yu Jiang
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:368
  23. Hypoxemia frequently occurs during bronchoscopy. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy may be a feasible alternative to prevent the deterioration of gas exchange during bronchoscopy. With the convenien...

    Authors: Rui Wang, Hai-Chao Li, Xu-Yan Li, Xiao Tang, Hui-Wen Chu, Xue Yuan, Zhao-Hui Tong and Bing Sun
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:367
  24. Sarcoidosis-associated pulmonary hypertension (SAPH) is a prevalent and serious complication of sarcoidosis. No SAPH-specific self-report instruments for assessing SAPH symptoms and their impact on patients ar...

    Authors: Brooke M. Currie, Evan W. Davies, Amélie Beaudet, Larissa Stassek, Leah Kleinman and Robert P. Baughman
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:365
  25. The inflammatory phenotypes of asthma predict the treatment response and prognosis. The phenotype distributions differ depending on the geographical region. This study aimed to assess the distribution of diffe...

    Authors: Bingqing Shi, Wei Li, Hongna Dong, Mengting Xu, Yuqiu Hao and Peng Gao
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:364
  26. Adenovirus pneumonia is prone to severe clinical and imaging manifestations in children. Bronchoscopic alveolar lavage (BAL) is an important adjunctive therapy for patients with severe imaging findings. The st...

    Authors: Xue-hua Xu, Hui-feng Fan, Ting-Ting Shi, Di-Yuan Yang, Li Huang, Wen-hui Jiang and Gen Lu
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:363
  27. LncRNA GAS5 and miR-155 are reported to play opposite roles in lung inflammatory responses. Lung inflammation participates in childhood pneumonia, indicating the involvement of GAS5 and miR-155 in pneumonia. T...

    Authors: Xiaoping Wang, Ping Guo, Jiahui Tian, Jie Li, Na Yan, Xin Zhao and Yue Ma
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:362
  28. Interstitial lung disease is a debilitating condition associated with significant dyspnoea, fatigue, and poor exercise tolerance. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an effective and key intervention in people with in...

    Authors: Leona M. Dowman, Anthony K. May, Catherine J. Hill, Janet Bondarenko, Lissa Spencer, Norman R. Morris, Jennifer A. Alison, James Walsh, Nicole S. L. Goh, Tamera Corte, Ian Glaspole, Daniel C. Chambers, Christine F. McDonald and Anne E. Holland
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:361
  29. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is the barrier for global TB elimination efforts with a lower treatment success rate. Loss to follow-up (LTFU) in DR-TB is a serious problem, causes mortality and morbidity ...

    Authors: Soedarsono Soedarsono, Ni Made Mertaniasih, Tutik Kusmiati, Ariani Permatasari, Ni Njoman Juliasih, Cholichul Hadi and Ilham Nur Alfian
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:360
  30. Small plateau (SP) on the flow-volume curve was found in parts of patients with suspected asthma or upper airway abnormalities, but it lacks clear scientific proof. Therefore, we aimed to characterize its clin...

    Authors: Yimin Wang, Wenya Chen, Yicong Li, Changzheng Zhang, Lijuan Liang, Ruibo Huang, Jianling Liang, Yi Gao and Jinping Zheng
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:359
  31. Whole Lung Lavage (WLL) has been an important part in the management of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) since it improves radiologic and clinical parameters. Bilateral WLL is usually performed in two sess...

    Authors: Javier Diaz-Mendoza, Eduardo Celis Valdiviezo, Niral M. Patel and Michael J. Simoff
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:358
  32. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive, radiation-free, bedside tool to monitor ventilation distribution in real time.

    Authors: Milena S. Nascimento, Glasiele C. Alcala, Ana I. A. Guzman, Leticia C. Corrêa, Diana M. Baggio, Felipe S. Rossi, Linus P. Fascina, Marcelo B. P. Amato and Cristiane do Prado
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:357
  33. Identifying trends of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases is crucial for public health and research to guide future clinical improvements for better outcomes. This study aims to define the trends of r...

    Authors: Abdallah Y. Naser, Munthir M. Mansour, Abeer F. R. Alanazi, Omar Sabha, Hassan Alwafi, Zahraa Jalal, Vibhu Paudyal, Mohammad S. Dairi, Emad M. Salawati, Jaber S. Alqahtan, Shalan Alaamri and Moaath K. Mustafa Ali
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:356
  34. Supplemental oxygen delivered with standard oxygen therapy (SOT) improves exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Although high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) improves...

    Authors: Diana Badenes-Bonet, Pilar Cejudo, Anna Rodó-Pin, Clara Martín-Ontiyuelo, Roberto Chalela, Jose Antonio Rodríguez-Portal, Rosa Vázquez-Sánchez, Joaquim Gea, Xavier Duran, Oswaldo Antonio Caguana, Diego Agustín Rodriguez-Chiaradia and Eva Balcells
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:355
  35. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has been used as an immunomodulatory therapy to counteract severe systemic inflammation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). But its use in COVID-19 related acute respirato...

    Authors: Husain S. Ali, Moustafa S. Elshafei, Mohamed O. Saad, Hassan A. Mitwally, Mohammad Al Wraidat, Asra Aroos, Nissar Shaikh, Dore C. Ananthegowda, Mohamed A. Abdelaty, Saibu George, Abdulqadir J. Nashwan, Ahmed S. Mohamed and Mohamad Y. Khatib
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:354
  36. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is the gold standard for the evaluation of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease; however, lung ultrasound (LUS) is being increasingly used for the assessment of lung in ...

    Authors: Maryam Hassanzad, Arda Kiani, Atefeh Abedini, Hoseinali Ghaffaripour, Habib Emami, Niloufar Alizadeh, Ghazal Zoghi, Saeed Hashemi and Ali Akbar Velayati
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:353
  37. Dental technicians are at high risk of pneumoconiosis, usually driven by inhalation of mixed dusts, including metals. An etiological diagnosis is not easy to be performed, particularly in advanced stages.

    Authors: Mara Maria Tiraboschi, Emma Sala, Matteo Ferroni, Andrea Tironi, Andrea Borghesi, Maria Enrica Gilberti, Paolo Ceruti, Emanuele Sansone and Giuseppe De Palma
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:352
  38. Depression is one of the most common and untreated comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and is associated with poor health outcomes (e.g. increased hospitalization/exacerbation rates)...

    Authors: Marisa R. Pinson, Nicolaas E. P. Deutz, Rajesh Harrykissoon, Anthony J. Zachria and Mariëlle P. K. J. Engelen
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:351
  39. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is an important adverse reaction caused by a few drugs. Reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 ...

    Authors: Yutaka Muto, Naoyuki Kuse, Minoru Inomata, Nobuyasu Awano, Mari Tone, Kohei Takada, Kazushi Fujimoto, Yuan Bae, Toshio Kumasaka and Takehiro Izumo
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:350
  40. High-throughput next-generation sequencing (HT-NGS) has the potential to detect a large variety of pathogens; however, the application of HT-NGS in lung transplant (LTx) recipients remains limited. We aimed to...

    Authors: Qiao-yan Lian, Ao Chen, Jian-heng Zhang, Wei-jie Guan, Xin Xu, Bing Wei, Dan-xia Huang, Jian-xing He and Chun-rong Ju
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:348
  41. We have reported that heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) is increased in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and associated with collagen deposition, but the mechanisms rem...

    Authors: Yanyu Li, Guomei Su, Yu Zhong, Zhilin Xiong, Tong Huang, Jingyun Quan, Jiewen Huang, Xiaoxia Wen, Chaole Luo, Weilin Zheng, Jinfeng Chen, Junfen Cheng, Weimin Yao and Tianwen Lai
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:347
  42. Myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) is often positive in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD), which is also often present in patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). A...

    Authors: Hideaki Yamakawa, Shintaro Sato, Tomohiko Nakamura, Tomotaka Nishizawa, Rie Kawabe, Tomohiro Oba, Masanobu Horikoshi, Keiichi Akasaka, Masako Amano, Kazuyoshi Kuwano, Hiroki Sasaki and Hidekazu Matsushima
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:346
  43. It remains unclear whether methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia is associated with higher mortality compared with non-MRSA pneumonia. This study’s objective was to compare outcomes includi...

    Authors: Yukiyo Sakamoto, Yasuhiro Yamauchi, Taisuke Jo, Nobuaki Michihata, Wakae Hasegawa, Hideyuki Takeshima, Hiroki Matsui, Kiyohide Fushimi, Hideo Yasunaga and Takahide Nagase
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:345
  44. Spirometric reference values are well known in several ethnic groups but the normative spirometric values of blacks living in Africa have been less studied. The purpose of this study is to establish normative ...

    Authors: Eric Walter Pefura-Yone, Adamou Dodo Balkissou, Virginie Poka-Mayap, Amadou Djenabou, Massongo Massongo, Nguetsa Arsene Ofimboudem, Catherine Fanny Mayoh-Nguemfo, Antoinette Ghislaine Tsala, Halidou Hadjara and Francine Amougou
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:344
  45. Asthma is a heterogeneous disease that can be divided into four inflammatory phenotypes: eosinophilic asthma (EA), neutrophilic asthma (NA), mixed granulocytic asthma (MGA), and paucigranulocytic asthma (PGA)....

    Authors: Min Li, Wenye Zhu, Chu Wang, Yuanyuan Zheng, Shibo Sun, Yan Fang and Zhuang Luo
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:343

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