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  1. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) highly impacts patients on several life dimensions and challenges healthcare practices in providing high-quality care. Consequently, it is crucial to establish integrated ca...

    Authors: Anouk Delameillieure, Fabienne Dobbels, Sarah Vandekerkhof and Wim A. Wuyts
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:93
  2. Silicosis is a progressive pneumoconiosis characterized by interstitial fibrosis following exposure to silica dust. The role of metabolic dysregulation in the pathogenesis of silicosis has not been investigate...

    Authors: Changjiang Xue, Na Wu, Yali Fan, Jing Ma and Qiao Ye
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:91
  3. Portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH) refers to the simultaneous presentation of pulmonary arterial and portal hypertension. However, few reports have included the characteristics and treatments for patients with...

    Authors: Yukiko Takahashi, Keiko Yamamoto, Seiichiro Sakao, Takao Takeuchi, Rika Suda, Nobuhiro Tanabe and Koichiro Tatsumi
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:89
  4. Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) are occasionally positive for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs). Differences between ILDs secondary to microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and isolated ANC...

    Authors: Xin Sun, Min Peng, Ting Zhang, Zongru Li, Lan Song, Mengtao Li and Juhong Shi
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:88
  5. Cigarette smoking and PM2.5 are important risk factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, the joint association of cigarette smoking and PM2.5 with COPD is unknown.

    Authors: Jian Su, Qing Ye, Dandan Zhang, Jinyi Zhou, Ran Tao, Zhen Ding, Gan Lu, Jiannan Liu and Fei Xu
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:87
  6. The role of interleukin (IL)-33 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been well elucidated. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between plasma IL-33 level and ac...

    Authors: Hyonsoo Joo, Seoung Ju Park, Kyung Hoon Min and Chin Kook Rhee
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:86

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:337

  7. Nonpharmacologic interventions for asthma management rely on identification and mitigation of important asthma triggers. Cockroach exposure is strongly associated with asthma morbidity. It is also associated w...

    Authors: Felicia A. Rabito, Derek Werthmann, Hua He, Aubrey S. Madkour, Whitney D. Arroyave, Michelle L. Sever and Thomas A. LaVeist
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:83
  8. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential advantages of thoracoscopic versus open resection for symptomatic congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) in neonates.

    Authors: Jintao Zheng, Huajian Tang, Huiyu Xu, Jiequan Li, Xiangming Mao and Guoqing Liu
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:82
  9. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life-threatening progressive disease with high mortality in the elderly. However, the pathogenesis of PH has not been fully understood and there is no effective therapy to reve...

    Authors: Kai Li, Yan Li, Youjia Yu, Jingjing Ding, Huijie Huang, Chunyan Chu, Li Hu, Yanfang Yu, Yue Cao, Peng Xu, David Fulton and Feng Chen
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:80
  10. Supplemental oxygen is an essential treatment for childhood pneumonia but is often unavailable in low-resource settings or unreliable due to frequent and long-lasting power outages. We present a novel medium p...

    Authors: Dickson Otiangala, Nicholas O. Agai, Bernard Olayo, Steve Adudans, Chin Hei Ng, Ryan Calderon, Ella Forgie, Christine Bachman, Daniel Lieberman, David Bell, Michael Hawkes and Akos Somoskovi
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:78
  11. Cryptococcus is one of the major fungal pathogens infecting the lungs. Pulmonary cryptococcal infection is generally considered a community-acquired condition caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with funga...

    Authors: Wei-Gang Pan, Bao-Chung Chen, Yao-Feng Li, Rui-Xin Wu and Ching-Hsun Wang
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:76
  12. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio on overall survival and disease-free survival in patien...

    Authors: Ricard Ramos, Ivan Macía, Arturo Navarro-Martin, Carlos Déniz, Francisco Rivas, Anna Ureña, Cristina Masuet-Aumatell, Camilo Moreno, Ernest Nadal and Ignacio Escobar
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:75
  13. Blood eosinophil count may predict treatment response in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during acute exacerbations (AE). However, the ability and thresholds of blood eosinophil coun...

    Authors: Hye Seon Kang, Sung Kyoung Kim, Yong Hyun Kim, Jin Woo Kim, Sang Haak Lee, Hyung Kyu Yoon and Chin Kook Rhee
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:74
  14. Scarring central airway stenosis (SCAS) is a potentially life-threatening condition with debilitating symptoms. Interventional bronchoscopy is increasingly used to relieve symptoms in patients with SCAS, but r...

    Authors: Kunyan Sun, Hong Zhang, Wei Zhang, Yuan Cheng and Guangfa Wang
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:73
  15. To investigate if acute pulmonary vasodilation by sildenafil improves right ventricular function in patients with acute intermediate-high risk pulmonary embolism (PE).

    Authors: Asger Andersen, Farhad Waziri, Jacob Gammelgaard Schultz, Sarah Holmboe, Søren Warberg Becker, Tage Jensen, Hanne Maare Søndergaard, Karen Kaae Dodt, Ole May, Ulrik Markus Mortensen, Won Yong Kim, Søren Mellemkjær and Jens Erik Nielsen-Kudsk
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:72
  16. Physical inactivity is common in severe asthma and associated with poor health outcomes. New approaches are needed to address physical inactivity in this group.

    Authors: Sarah A. Hiles, Paola D. Urroz, Peter G. Gibson, Adam Bogdanovs and Vanessa M. McDonald
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:71
  17. Lower respiratory tract (LRT) specimen culture is widely performed for the identification of Aspergillus. We investigated the clinical features and prognosis of patients with Aspergillus isolation from LRT specim...

    Authors: Yu Gu, Xianping Ye, Yu Wang, Kunlu Shen, Jinjin Zhong, Bilin Chen and Xin Su
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:69
  18. Rhomboid intercostal block (RIB) and Rhomboid intercostal block with sub-serratus plane block (RISS) are the two types of plane blocks used for postoperative analgesia after video-assisted thoracoscopic surger...

    Authors: Wei Deng, Xiao-min Hou, Xu-yan Zhou and Qing-he Zhou
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:68
  19. Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) has been introduced as an alternative to surgical lung biopsy (SLB) in the diagnostics of interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Despite controversy on safety, TBLC is increasi...

    Authors: Jesper Rømhild Davidsen, Inge Raadal Skov, Ida Guldbæk Louw and Christian B. Laursen
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:67
  20. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a critical activator of inflammation. Circulating mtDNA released causes lung injury in experimental models. We hypothesized that elevated plasma mtDNA levels are associated with ac...

    Authors: Jia-yu Mao, Dong-kai Li, Hong-min Zhang, Xiao-ting Wang and Da-wei Liu
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:66
  21. Inhaler selection is important when managing respiratory conditions; a patient’s inhalation technique should be appropriate for the selected device, and patients should ideally be able to use a device successf...

    Authors: Alfredo Chetta, Arzu Yorgancioglu, Mario Scuri, Sara Barile, Daniele Guastalla and P. N. Richard Dekhuijzen
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:65
  22. We aimed to identify high-risk factors for disease progression and fatality for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.

    Authors: Wenjun Wang, Mingwang Shen, Yusha Tao, Christopher K. Fairley, Qin Zhong, Zongren Li, Hui Chen, Jason J. Ong, Dawei Zhang, Kai Zhang, Ning Xing, Huayuan Guo, Enqiang Qin, Xizhou Guan, Feifei Yang, Sibing Zhang…
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:64
  23. The precise classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) is essential for selecting treatment as well as estimating clinical outcomes; however, this is sometimes difficult in clinical practice. Th...

    Authors: Yoichiro Aoshima, Masato Karayama, Yasuoki Horiike, Kazutaka Mori, Hideki Yasui, Hironao Hozumi, Yuzo Suzuki, Kazuki Furuhashi, Tomoyuki Fujisawa, Noriyuki Enomoto, Yutaro Nakamura, Naoki Inui and Takafumi Suda
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:63
  24. The most important target cell of SARS-CoV-2 is Type II pneumocyte which produces and secretes pulmonary surfactant (PS) that prevents alveolar collapse. PS instillation therapy is dramatically effective for i...

    Authors: Hiroko Kitaoka, Hisato Kobayashi, Takayuki Takimoto and Takashi Kijima
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:62
  25. Inflammation caused by chronic lung disease in childhood may lead to delayed heart rate recovery (HRR) however, there is lack of evidence on HRR in this population. The aim was to assess HRR after functional ...

    Authors: Élida Pereira Silva, Bruno Alvarenga Soares, Mariana M. Reimberg, Raphael Ritti-Dias, Karina Silva Nascimento, Fabiana Silvia Anjos, Gustavo Falbo Wandalsen, Dirceu Solé, Simone Dal Corso and Fernanda Cordoba Lanza
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:61
  26. Asthma and osteoarthritis (OA) are medical conditions that inhibit physical activity and adversely affect quality of life. Despite the high prevalence, there are limited studies focusing on the comorbid condit...

    Authors: Hyeon-Kyoung Koo, Pamela Song and Joo-Hyun Lee
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:59
  27. Hyperoxia downregulates the tight junction (TJ) proteins of the alveolar epithelium and leads to barrier dysfunction. Previous study has showed that STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) interf...

    Authors: Chih-Hao Shen, Jr-Yu Lin, Cheng-Yo Lu, Sung-Sen Yang, Chung-Kan Peng and Kun-Lun Huang
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:58
  28. Anti-synthetase syndrome (ASSD) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by antibodies directed against an aminoacycl transfer RNA synthetase (ARS) along with a group of clinical features including the ...

    Authors: Xi Zhan, Wei Yan, Ying Wang, Qing Li, Xuhua Shi, Yanli Gao and Qiao Ye
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:57
  29. The effects of comorbidities on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been usually studied individually in the past. In this study, we aimed to investigate the comorbidities associated with mortali...

    Authors: Youngmee Kim, Ye-Jee Kim and Won-Kyung Cho
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:56
  30. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Jinle Lin, Wuyuan Tao, Jian Wei, Jian Wu, Wenwu Zhang, Jianbing Ye, Xuan Fu, Shiyong Zeng, Qingli Dou, Lijun Wang and Fang Tian
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:54

    The original article was published in BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2020 20:212

  31. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been reported to be significantly associated with chronic rhinosinusitis, but the strength of the association is still debated.

    Authors: Eliana Finocchio, Francesca Locatelli, Francesca Sanna, Roberta Vesentini, Pierpaolo Marchetti, Gianluca Spiteri, Leonardo Antonicelli, Salvatore Battaglia, Roberto Bono, Angelo Guido Corsico, Marcello Ferrari, Nicola Murgia, Pietro Pirina, Mario Olivieri and Giuseppe Verlato
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:53
  32. To develop and validate a clinical risk prediction score for noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure defined as intubation after a trial of NIV in non-surgical patients.

    Authors: Mihaela S. Stefan, Aruna Priya, Penelope S. Pekow, Jay S. Steingrub, Nicholas S. Hill, Tara Lagu, Karthik Raghunathan, Anusha G. Bhat and Peter K. Lindenauer
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:52
  33. Malnutrition and altered body composition are well-documented in chronic pulmonary diseases; however, investigation of nutritional status in interstitial lung disease (ILD) is limited. This study aimed to desc...

    Authors: Alisar A. Kanjrawi, Lara Mathers, Susanne Webster, Tamera J. Corte and Sharon Carey
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:51
  34. LINC01116 is a recently identified oncogenic lncRNA in glioma. Differential expression analysis using the public gene expression analysis tool GEPIA revealed the upregulation of LINC01116 in lung cancer. We st...

    Authors: Wenzhou Liu, Feihai Liang, Guangyu Yang and Lei Xian
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:50
  35. Patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) have progressive and disabling symptoms, as well as a burden of treatments and a difficult clinical evaluation that make health-related quality of life a particularly ...

    Authors: Miguel Ángel Amor-García, Sara Ibáñez-García, Xandra García-González, Teresa Mombiela, Cristina Villanueva-Bueno, Ana Herranz-Alonso and María Sanjurjo-Sáez
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:48
  36. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common nocosomial infection in intensive care unit (ICU). Local microbiological surveillance of pathogens and resistance patterns for early-onset VAP (EOVAP) and late...

    Authors: Pavarit Arayasukawat, Apichart So-ngern, Wipa Reechaipichitkul, Worawat Chumpangern, Itthiphat Arunsurat, Pailin Ratanawatkul and Wanna Chuennok
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:47
  37. Sickle-cell anaemia is a widespread genetic disease prevalent worldwide among African and African-American populations. The pathogenesis is most often revealed by pulmonary conditions, including acute thoracic...

    Authors: Marion Teulier, Alexandre Elabbadi, Grigorios Gerotziafas, François Lionnet, Guillaume Voiriot and Muriel Fartoukh
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:46
  38. The risk of developing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), the associated comorbidities and response to bronchodilators might differ in men and women. The objective of this study was to determine the...

    Authors: Josep Montserrat-Capdevila, Josep Ramon Marsal, Marta Ortega, Maria Teresa Castañ-Abad, Miquel Alsedà, Ferran Barbé and Pere Godoy
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:44
  39. Besides the clinical benefit of crizotinib in ALK-rearranged metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), concerns about its hepatotoxicity have arisen. It is not clear whether this is a drug class side effe...

    Authors: Flávia Amaral Duarte, Leonardo Brand Rodrigues, Flávia Rocha Paes, Paulo Henrique Costa Diniz and Helena Flávia Cuba de Almada Lima
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:43
  40. Rapid and accurate identification of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is essential for decreasing mortality associated with acute pulmonary embolism (PE), particularly for non-high-risk patients without hypo...

    Authors: Yizhuo Gao, Lianghong Chen and Dong Jia
    Citation: BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2021 21:42

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