Elevated placenta growth factor predicts pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease under inhaled corticosteroids therapy

Table 3 Multi-variate analysis of risk factors for pneumonia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Variables	No. of patients	No. of pneumonia (%)	Univariate analysis	Multivariate analysis
Age	128
< 60 years	146	14 (10.9)	0.5 (0.1-5.7)
≥ 60 years		15 (10.3)
Smoking (pack-years)	157
< 15	117	16 (10.2)	0.8 (0.5-4.3)
≥ 15		13 (11.1)
Serum CRP (mg/L)	163
< 4.0	111	16 (9.8)	1.2 (0.6-6.1)
≥ 4.0		13 (11.7)
Body mass index (BMI)
< 18	146	17 (11.6)	0.8 (0.4-6.7)
≥ 18	128	12 (9.4)
COPD status	75		2.5 (1.1-10.4)**
Advanced (FEV1< 40%)	199	12 (16)		2.2 (1.1-6.9)**
Non-advanced (FEV1 ≥ 40%)		17 (8.5)
ICS prescription	149		2.6 (1.4-8.9)*	2.4 (1.3-8.7)*
No	125	9 (6%)
Yes		20 (16%)
Serum PlGF (pg/L)	138		4.8 (1.3-11.2)*	4.1 (1.5-9.9)**
< 40	136	8 (5.8)
≥ 40		21 (15.4)
DM	127		2.3 (1.1-8.9)**
No	147	11 (8.6)		2.6 (1.4-10.5)**
Yes		18 (12.2)

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01
CRP: C-reactive protein; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; PlGF: placenta growth factor; DM: diabetes mellitus
All values are shown as mean ± standard deviation.
*Indicates a statistically significant difference between groups (p < 0.05).

ISSN: 1471-2466