Table 3 Associations of non-emphysematous and emphysema-predominant COPD with other clinical subgroups and comorbidities
From: Non-emphysematous chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with diabetes mellitus
| Â | Frequency | Logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Non-emphysematous | Emphysema-predominant | OR (adjusted)* | p-value |
COPD/asthma overlap | 281 (15.5%) | 178 (10.6%) | 1.64 | 0.0006 |
Hypoxemia | 44 (2.4%) | 159 (9.4%) | 0.76 | 0.2 |
Frequent exacerbator | 208 (11.4%) | 330 (19.6%) | 0.88 | 0.3 |
Severe, early-onset COPD | 91 (5.0%) | 111 (6.6%) | 1.07 | 0.9 |
Poor exercise capacity | 51 (2.8%) | 119 (7.1%) | 0.93 | 0.8 |
Bronchodilator response, ATS/ERS definition [39] | 634 (34.9%) | 569 (33.7%) | 1.20 | 0.05 |
Chronic prednisone use | 44 (2.4%) | 124 (7.4%) | 0.73 | 0.2 |
Low body mass index | 59 (3.2%) | 180 (10.7%) | 0.39 | <0.0001 |
Chronic bronchitis | 470 (25.9%) | 431 (25.5%) | 0.87 | 0.2 |
Cardiovascular disease | 393 (21.6%) | 399 (23.7%) | 1.44 | 0.0009 |
Coronary disease | 277 (15.2%) | 278 (16.5%) | 1.36 | 0.01 |
Congestive heart failure | 91 (5.0%) | 59 (3.5%) | 3.76 | <0.0001 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 58 (3.2%) | 53 (3.1%) | 1.59 | 0.07 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 96 (5.3%) | 102 (6.0%) | 1.14 | 0.5 |
Sleep apnea | 271 (14.9%) | 199 (11.8%) | 1.17 | 0.3 |
Diabetes mellitus | 263 (14.5%) | 146 (8.7%) | 2.13 | <0.0001 |
Metabolic syndrome | 360 (19.8%) | 173 (10.3%) | 1.87 | <0.0001 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 498 (27.4%) | 511 (30.3%) | 0.93 | 0.5 |
Stomach ulcers | 147 (8.1%) | 183 (10.8%) | 0.76 | 0.07 |
Osteoporosis | 278 (15.3%) | 372 (22.1%) | 0.96 | 0.7 |