Table 2 Clinical characteristics of non-clinical deterioration and clinical deterioration patients in training set based on cutoff or median values

Sex, female n (%)

502 (41)

465 (42)

37 (33)

0.104

Age >67(year), n (%)

326 (27)

275 (25)

51 (46)

< 0.001

BMI >26.42 (kg/m²), n (%)

163 (13)

137 (12)

26 (23)

0.002

Hypertension, n (%)

367 (30)

324 (29)

43 (39)

0.045

Diabetes, n (%)

159 (13)

143 (13)

16 (14)

0.749

Cardiovascular disease^c, n (%)

121 (10)

96 (9)

25 (23)

< 0.001

Liver disease, n (%)

93 (8)

88 (8)

5 (5)

0.27

Gastrointestinal diseases, n (%)

53 (4)

51 (5)

2 (2)

0.223

Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

20 (2)

19 (2)

1 (1)

1

Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

52 (4)

45 (4)

7 (6)

0.317

Basic lung disease^b, n (%)

57 (5)

46 (4)

11 (10)

0.012

Pleural effusion, n (%)

330 (27)

285 (26)

45 (41)

0.001

Bilateral lung lesions, n (%)

565 (46)

504 (45)

61 (55)

0.064

Time interval between onset and admission >2 (day), n (%)

1109 (91)

1007 (90)

102 (92)

0.751

Duration of antibiotic use before admission >7 (day), n (%)

63 (5)

55 (5)

8 (7)

0.421

Body temperature >38 (℃), n (%)

224 (18)

181 (16)

43 (39)

< 0.001

Systolic pressure>133 (mmHg), n (%)

390 (32)

341 (31)

49 (44)

0.005

Diastolic pressure >84 (mmHg), n (%)

279 (23)

251 (23)

28 (25)

0.602

Respiratory rate >21 (/min), n (%)

31 (3)

20 (2)

11 (10)

< 0.001

Pulse >95 (/min), n (%)

391 (32)

344 (31)

47 (42)

0.018

SpO₂ >97 (%), n (%)

369 (30)

341 (31)

28 (25)

0.282

WBC >9.86 (×10⁹/L), n (%)

298 (24)

250 (22)

48 (43)

< 0.001

ANC >6.35 (×10⁹/L), n (%)

416 (34)

354 (32)

62 (56)

< 0.001

LYM >1.3 (×10⁹/L), n (%)

609 (50)

577 (52)

32 (29)

< 0.001

RBC >4.16 (×10¹²/L), n (%)

613 (50)

560 (50)

53 (48)

0.677

HB >126 (g/L), n (%)

598 (49)

547 (49)

51 (46)

0.587

PLT >366 (×10⁹/L), n (%)

141 (12)

125 (11)

16 (14)

0.398

CRP >82.7 (mg/L), n (%)

489 (40)

417 (37)

72 (65)

< 0.001

PCT >0.078 (ng/ml), n (%)

661 (54)

576 (52)

85 (77)

< 0.001

TBIL >9 (µmol/L), n (%)

505 (41)

442 (40)

63 (57)

< 0.001

ALT >35 (U/L), n (%)

379 (31)

339 (30)

40 (36)

0.269

AST >35 (U/L), n (%)

359 (29)

308 (28)

51 (46)

< 0.001

ALB >36 (g/L), n (%)

625 (51)

589 (53)

36 (32)

< 0.001

BUN >6.6 (mmol/L), n (%)

209 (17)

176 (16)

33 (30)

< 0.001

Cr >74 (µmol/L), n (%)

418 (34)

364 (33)

54 (49)

0.001

eGFR >100.2, n (%)

615 (50)

577 (52)

38 (34)

< 0.001

UA >367 (µmol/L), n (%)

148 (12)

132 (12)

16 (14)

0.526

K⁺ >4.41 (mmol/L), n (%)

63 (5)

55 (5)

8 (7)

0.421

Na⁺ >139 (mmol/L), n (%)

502 (41)

472 (42)

30 (27)

0.002

CL⁻ >103 (mmol/L), n (%)

524 (43)

490 (44)

34 (31)

0.009

TC >2.20 (mmol/L), n (%)

1206 (99)

1098 (99)

108 (97)

0.219

TG >0.65 (mmol/L), n (%)

1100 (90)

993 (89)

107 (96)

0.026

HDL >0.92 (mmol/L), n (%)

617 (50)

572 (51)

45 (41)

0.037

LDL >2.4 (mmol/L), n (%)

613 (50)

578 (52)

35 (32)

< 0.001

CK >120 (U/L), n (%)

275 (22)

238 (21)

37 (33)

0.006

LDH >234 (U/L), n (%)

431 (35)

366 (33)

65 (59)

< 0.001

D-Dimer >0.80 (mg/L), n (%)

583 (48)

500 (45)

83 (75)

< 0.001