Table 5 Pre-defined outcome measures in terms of health care costs analyzed by different statistical approaches regarding the comparison “Triple always” versus “Triple not always”
Annual health care costs (€) | Univariate | Linear Regression | Optimal full matching | IPW | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total direct costs | Estimate | 2843.1 | 1419.4 | 1025 | 1526.9 |
95%CI | 608.99; 5077.15 | -853.5; 3680.6 | -1476.0; 3526.0 | -752.6; 3806.4 | |
p value | 0.012 | 0.222 | 0.423 | 0.19 | |
Medication costs | Estimate | 977.8 | 806.8 | 748.2 | 808 |
95%CI | 519.51; 1436.17; | 328.9; 1282.2 | 234.9; 1261.5 | 305.9; 1310.2 | |
p value | < 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.002 | |
– Respiratory medication costs | Estimate | 592.3 | 532.1 | 525.3 | 535.0 |
95%CI | 466.53; 717.99 | 411.1; 652.5 | 395.0; 655.5 | 400.9; 669.1 | |
p value | < 0.001 | 9.21e-16 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |
– Other medication costs | Estimate | 386.4 | 275.5 | 223.5 | 273.7 |
95%CI | 36.11; 808.88 | -174.6; 723.4 | -247.9; 694.9 | -187.5; 734.9 | |
p value | 0.073 | 0.231 | 0.354 | 0.246 | |
Outpatient costs | Estimate | 36.8 | 2.6 | 17.5 | -7.7 |
95%CI | 106.84; 180.49 | -151.9; 156.3 | -151.3; 186.3 | -167.8; 152.3 | |
p value | 0.614 | 0.973 | 0.839 | 0.925 | |
Inpatient costs | Estimate | 1126.3 | 418.4 | 82.6 | 318.1 |
95%CI | 40.98; 2211.65 | -673.9; 1505.2 | -1271.4; 1436.6 | -876.1; 1512.3 | |
p value | 0.042 | 0.454 | 0.905 | 0.602 | |
Rehabilitation costs | Estimate | 113.4 | 7.04 | -39.4 | 23.9 |
95%CI | 87.04; 313.88 | -199.9; 213.0 | -304.6; 225.8 | -195.4; 243.1 | |
p value | 0.266 | 0.947 | 0.771 | 0.831 | |
Physiotherapy | Estimate | 48.1 | 49.6 | 36.84 | 48.1 |
95%CI | 6.904; 89.280 | 3.5; 95.4 | -14.4; 88.0 | -1.7; 94.6 | |
p value | 0.022 | 0.036 | 0.16 | 0.043 | |