Table 3 Crude and adjusted hazard ratios for mortality at 12 months

Gender

Female

Reference

Male

0.74 (0.58–0.94)

0.013

1.12 (0.85–1.47)

0.438

Age

≤ 64

Reference

65–79

1.24 (0.90–1.70)

0.18

1.14 (0.81–1.60)

0.467

≥ 80

2.38 (1.72–3.29)

< 0.0001

1.72 (1.17–2.52)

0.006

Asbestos exposure

No

Reference

Yes

0.71 (0.55–0.92)

0.009

0.62 (0.46–0.84)

0.002

Diagnostic category

Benign effusion due to organ disease

Reference

Malignant effusion

2.71 (1.91–3.84)

< 0.0001

2.85 (1.75–4.57)

< 0.0001

Infective

0.27 (0.11–0.68)

0.006

0.32 (0.12–0.85)

0.023

Inflammatory

0.20 (0.08–0.47)

< 0.0001

0.27 (0.11–0.69)

0.006

Other

0.47 (0.21–1.04)

0.064

0.50 (0.21–1.19)

0.118

Frailty

Not frail (mFI ≤ 0.2)

Reference

Frail (mFI ≥ 0.4)

1.13 (0.88–1.46)

0.33

1.72 (0.107–2.76)

0.029

WHO status

0

Reference

1

2.29 (1.44–3.66)

< 0.0001

1.96 (1.21–3.17)

0.006

2

3.73 (2.32–6.01)

< 0.0001

2.57 (1.54–4.29)

< 0.0001

3

6.59 (3.96–10.99)

< 0.0001

4.71 (2.69–8.25)

< 0.0001

4

81.45 (26.73-248.16)

< 0.0001

53.87 (16.85-172.17)

< 0.0001

DM

0.84 (0.61–1.16)

0.297

0.75 (0.49–1.14)

0.173

Treated HTN

0.81 (0.63–1.05)

0.112

0.66 (0.47–0.93)

0.015

COPD

0.86 (0.54–1.37)

0.517

0.76 (0.45–1.27)

0.294

CHF

0.65 (0.47–0.90)

0.010

0.53 (0.32–0.89)

0.016