Fig. 3

The impact of poor asthma control and nonadherence to asthma controller use on anxiety and depression levels among patients with asthma. Patients were divided into three groups based on the levels of asthma control: uncontrolled (an asthma control test (ACT) score of 14 to 5, n = 131), partially controlled (an ACT score of 19 to 15, n = 91), and fully controlled (an ACT score of 20 to 25, n = 65). Then, the levels of anxiety and depression were assessed using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) (A and B). Patients were also classified into three groups based on their level of adherence to inhaler use: good (a Test of Adherence to Inhalers (TAI) score of 50, n = 59), intermediate (a TAI score of 46 to 49, n = 85), and poor (a TAI score of ≤ 45, n = 143) before levels of anxiety and depression were determined (C and D). The bars represent the standard errors of the mean. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 compared with the control; +P < 0.05, ++P < 0.01 compared with partially controlled asthma/intermediate adherence to medication