Table 1 Demographic, imaging, resting pulmonary function, and cardiopulmonary exercise test measurements in patients by GOLD grades

Sex, female, n (%)

10 (20.4)

5 (19.2)

5 (21.7)

Age, years

62 ± 9

62 ± 10

63 ± 9

Weight, kg

66.0 (61.0–76.5)

69.0 (61.0–78.0)

65.1 (60.0–71.0)

BMI, kg/m²

24.0 (21.8–26.6)

24.1 (22.0–26.9)

23.9 (21.7–26.5)

History of smoking, n (%)

30 (61.2)

15 (57.7)

15 (65.2)

History of hypertension or diabetes, n (%)

16 (32.7)

8 (30.8)

8 (34.8)

mMRC

1 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

1 (0–1)

CAT

10 (5–15)

8 (4–14)

11 (6–15)

Hb

145 (137–158)

145 (137–157)

144 (138–158)

Postbronchodilator pulmonary function

FEV₁, %pred

81.9 ± 18.5

94.9 ± 14.5

67.2 ± 9.0*

FEV₁/FVC, %

62.3 (57.4–66.9)

65.4 (61.7–68.0)

58.1 (49.7–62.6)*

Prebronchodilator pulmonary function

D_LCO, %pred

82.8 ± 20.9

82.1 ± 23.4

83.5 ± 18.1

IC, %pred

100.4 ± 20.3

108.4 ± 19.3

91.3 ± 17.8*

RV, %TLC

42.0 ± 7.3

38.7 ± 6.5

45.7 ± 6.5*

Imaging

Lung volume, ml

5332.6 ± 1116.4

5597.4 ± 1202.9

5033.3 ± 947.9.8

LAA₉₅₀, % the whole lung

9.6 (5.6–16.9)

9.9 (5.0–17.7)

9.6 (6.2–16.8)

VV, % the whole lung

3.6 ± 0.8

3.7 ± 0.8

3.4 ± 0.5

Peak cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters (unless otherwise stated)

VO_2peak, %pred

84.9 ± 16.9

88.7 ± 18.8

80.5 ± 13.5

VO_2peak, ml/kg/min

21.8 ± 5.2

23.0 ± 6.2

20.5 ± 3.3*

VO₂ at AT, %pred

50.9 ± 10.8

50.8 ± 9.4

51.1 ± 12.4

RER

1.2 ± 0.1

1.2 ± 0.1

1.2 ± 0.1

O₂ pulse, %pred

92.3 ± 18.1

96.1 ± 21.9

88.1 ± 11.7

Rest HR, bpm

85 ± 13

86 ± 14

84 ± 12

Peak HR, bpm

146 ± 16

148 ± 17

144 ± 15

HRR at 1 min, bpm

129 ± 16

130 ± 18

128 ± 15

CR

0.86 ± 0.21

0.87 ± 0.23

0.84 ± 0.20

CI, n (%)

24 (49.0%)

12 (46.2%)

12 (52.2%)

Delayed HRR, n (%)

15 (30.6%)

5 (19.2%)

10 (43.5%)

BR, %

12.8 (7.2–31.0)

27.7 (12.8–36.8)

6.9 (0.4–10.7)*

Nadir VE/VCO₂

29.5 (27.8–32.2)

29.4 (26.5–32.6)

30.0 (28.1–31.6)