Causal impact of gut microbiota and associated metabolites on pulmonary arterial hypertension: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Table 1 Causal effect of gut microbiota and dependent metabolite on pulmonary arterial hypertension

Exposure	Outcome	Method	Num of SNP	OR	95% CI	P value
Alistipes	PAH	IVW	51	2.269	1.100–4.679	0.027
Coprobacter	PAH	IVW	46	0.585	0.358–0.956	0.032
Erysipelotrichaceae (UCG003)	PAH	IVW	46	0.494	0.245–0.996	0.049
Lachnospiraceae (UCG008)	PAH	IVW	49	0.596	0.367–0.968	0.036
Ruminococcaceae (UCG005)	PAH	IVW	59	0.472	0.231–0.962	0.039
Victivallis	PAH	IVW	33	1.558	1.019–2.380	0.040
Choline	PAH	IVW	95	1.535	1.015–2.322	0.043
Carnitine	PAH	IVW	278	1.429	0.055–36.824	0.830
Betaine	PAH	IVW	59	4.678	0.676–32.376	0.118
TMAO	PAH	IVW	58	1.077	0.957–1.212	0.219
Acetate	PAH	IVW	139	0.808	0.272–2.401	0.701
Indolepropionate	PAH	IVW	47	1.385	0.276–6.937	0.692
3-Hydroxybutyrate	PAH	IVW	125	3.002	1.035–8.708	0.043

SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, TMAO trimethylamine N-oxide, PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension, IVW Inverse variance weighted. For the results of sensitivity analysis, please kindly refer to Supplementary Table S2 & Supplementary Table S6

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