Table 4 Pooled results of the meta-analysis of healthcare costs and hospitalization costs by subgroups
Characteristics | Subgroup* | Healthcare utilization costs | Hospitalization costs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study (N) | Mean difference (min-max) | Study (N) | Mean difference (min-max) | |||
Intervention | CCM | 1-2 | 3 | -428 (-1875 to 1018) | 3 | -311 (-1667 to 1045) |
3+ | 5 | -1047 (-2230 to 137) | 3 | -1378 (-2609 to -164) | ||
Number of involved healthcare provider disciplines | 2-3 | 4 | -1328 (-2554 to -101) | 2 | -1674 (-3155 to -192) | |
4+ | 3 | -282 (-2510 to 1945) | 3 | -610 (-1770 to 550) | ||
Intervention duration (months) | 0-12 | 2 | -345 (-1986 to 1296) | 2 | -156 (-1820 to 1508) | |
12+ | 6 | -1066 (-2232 to 99) | 4 | -1406 (-2566 to -246) | ||
Study | Design | RCT | 5 | -866 (-1550 to -183) | Â | Â |
Non-RCT | 3 | -1074 (-2945 to 797) | Â | Â | ||
Region | EU | 4 | -168 (-1043 to 706) | 3 | -323 (-1405 to 758) | |
| Â | Non-EU | 4 | -1731 (-2507 to -955) | 3 | -1681 (-3070 to -293) | |
Quality of study | 0-60 | 3 | -872 (-3253 to 1509) | 2 | 806 (-1843 to 3456) | |
60+ | 5 | -816 (-1543 to -89) | 4 | -1266 (-2283 to -250) | ||
Patient | Age | 0-65 | 3 | -307 (-1195 to 581) | 2 | -156 (-1820 to 1508) |
| Â | 65+ | 4 | -1128 (-2694 to 437) | 4 | -1406 (-2566 to -246) | |
% male | 0-60 | 4 | -929 (-1829 to -29) | 3 | -1790 (-3180 to -401) | |
60+ | 3 | 98 (-1568 to 1764) | 3 | -738 (-1437 to -39) | ||
GOLD | 2 | 4 | -168 (-1043 to 706) | 3 | -323 (-1405 to 758) | |
| Â | 3+ | 3 | -1558 (-2740 to -375) | 3 | -1681 (-3070 to -293) | |
Exacerbation | Yes | 2 | -1047 (-1633 to -462) | 2 | -941 (-1474 to -407) | |
No** | 6 | -850 (-1626 to -74) | 4 | -920 (-2441 to 601) | ||