Table 4 Hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for patient characteristics that explained emergency visits among the asthma patients by the Cox regression analyses
From: Long-term smoking increases the need for acute care among asthma patients: a case control study
N of patiens 1 | % of patients with emergency visits | Crude HR | 95% CI | P-value | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male gender | 96 | 34.2% | ||||||
Female gender | 248 | 65.8% | 0.68 | 0.46-1.00 | 0.051 | 1.11 | 0.67-1.84 | NS |
Age until first emergency care visit or at evaluation (increase of 1 year) | 1.02 | 1.00-1.03 | 0.051 | 1.01 | 0.99-1.03 | NS | ||
Duration of asthma | ||||||||
<15 years | 231 | 60.0% | ref. 1.00 | ref. 1.00 | ||||
>=15 years | 100 | 40.0% | 1.06 | 0.72-1.56 | NS | 1.29 | 0.82-2.03 | NS |
FEV1% of expected | ||||||||
> 80% | 164 | 42.7% | ref. 1.00 | ref. 1.00 | ||||
FEV1 65-80% | 65 | 24.5% | 1.90 | 1.16-3.11 | 0.011 | 1.57 | 0.91-2.71 | NS |
FEV1 < 65% | 54 | 32.7% | 2.90 | 1.85-4.54 | <0.001 | 2.20 | 1.29-3.74 | 0.004 |
Smoking | ||||||||
Never | 174 | 47.3% | ref. 1.00 | ref. 1.00 | ||||
Ex-smoker | 90 | 38.2% | 1.75 | 1.14-2.66 | 0.10 | 1.86 | 1.30-3.06 | 0.015 |
Current | 23 | 14.5% | 3.94 | 2.20-7.07 | <0.001 | 3.59 | 1.58-8.15 | 0.002 |
AQ_20 | ||||||||
score 12 or less | 290 | 74.4% | ref. 1.00 | ref 1.00 | ||||
score 13 or more | 54 | 25.6% | 2.17 | 1.41-3.33 | <0.001 | 2.51 | 1.52-4.15 | <0.001 |
CVD | ||||||||
No | 304 | 83.8% | ref. 1.00 | ref. 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 40 | 16.2% | 1.47 | 0.89-2.44 | NS | 1.61 | 0.91-2.91 | NS |
Sinusitis | ||||||||
No | 299 | 83.9% | ref. 1.00 | ref 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 47 | 16.1% | 1.47 | 0.87-2.51 | NS | 1.10 | 0.60-2.02 | NS |
COPD as a second diagnosis | ||||||||
No | 298 | 76.9% | ref. 1.00 | ref 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 48 | 23.1% | 2.32 | 1.45-3.71 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.29-1.23 | NS |