Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants in taking healthy steps
|  | Intervention group (n = 155) | Control group (n = 84) | Total (n = 239) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
Age in years (mean [s.d.]) | 66.9 (8.7) | 66.4 (9.2) | 66.7 (8.8) | 0.71 |
Male gender (n [%]) | 147 (94.8) | 77 (91.7) | 224 (93.7) | 0.33 |
Race/Ethnicity (n [%]) | Â | Â | Â | 0.88 |
  Black | 7 (4.5) | 3 (3.6) | 10 (4.2) |  |
  White | 143 (92.3) | 79 (94.0) | 222 (92.9) | |
  Other/combined | 5 (3.3) | 2 (2.4) | 7 (2.9) | |
Hispanic | 5 (3.3) | 1 (1.2) | 6 (2.5) | 0.34 |
Socioeconomics | ||||
Community setting (n [%]) | Â | Â | Â | 0.79 |
  Urban | 84 (54.2) | 47 (56.0) | 131 (54.8) |  |
  Rural | 71 (45.8) | 37 (44.1) | 108 (45.2) | |
Employment (n [%]) | Â | Â | Â | 0.79 |
  Retired | 94 (60.7) | 45 (53.6) | 139 (58.2) |  |
  Full-Time | 14 (9.0) | 7 (8.3) | 21 (8.8) | |
  Part-Time | 10 (6.5) | 6 (7.1) | 16 (6.7) | |
  Ill, disabled or unemployed | 35 (22.6) | 24 (28.5) | 59 (28.6) | |
  Other | 2 (1.3) | 2 (2.4) | 4 (1.7) | |
Education (n [%]) | Â | Â | Â | 0.29 |
  Below high school | 4 (2.6) | 2 (2.4) | 6 (2.5) |  |
  High school or GED | 34 (22.2) | 11 (13.3) | 45 (19.1) | |
  Vocational/Technical | 25 (16.3) | 11 (13.3) | 36 (15.3) | |
  Some college | 52 (34.0) | 29 (34.9) | 81 (34.3) | |
  College graduate | 38 (24.8) | 30 (36.1) | 68 (28.8) | |
Annual income (n [%]) | Â | Â | Â | 0.34 |
  Below $30 k | 66 (42.6) | 35 (41.7) | 101 (42.3) |  |
  $30 to < $40 k | 23 (14.8) | 14 (16.7) | 37 (15.5) | |
  $40 to < $50 k | 21 (13.6) | 5 (6.0) | 26 (10.9) | |
  > $50 k | 24 (15.5) | 19 (22.6) | 43 (18.0) | |
  No answer | 21 (13.6) | 11 (13.1) | 32 (13.4) | |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Ever-smokers (n [%]) | 146 (94.2) | 77 (91.7) | 223 (93.3) | 0.48 |
  Current smokers (n [%]) | 42 (27.1) | 18 (21.4) | 60 (25.1) | 0.34 |
Oxygen use (n [%]) | 35 (22.6) | 21 (25.0) | 56 (23.4) | 0.67 |
General health (n [%]) | Â | Â | Â | 0.49 |
  Excellent, very good | 9 (5.8) | 9 (10.7) | 18 (7.5) |  |
  Good | 49 (31.6) | 26 (31.0) | 75 (31.4) | |
  Fair or poor | 96 (61.9) | 49 (58.3) | 145 (60.7) | |
  No answer | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | |
SGRQ score (mean [s.d.]) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Total score | 45.5 (15.4) | 46.8 (15.6) | 46.0 (15.4) | 0.54 |
  Symptoms score | 56.9 (19.4) | 56.0 (19.9) | 56.6 (19.5) | 0.72 |
  Activity score | 62.1 (20.3) | 64.2 (18.0) | 62.8 (19.5) | 0.44 |
  Impact score | 32.2 (16.4) | 34.1 (17.9) | 32.9 (16.9) | 0.41 |
Dyspnea (MMRC score) (mean [s.d.]) | Â | Â | Â | 0.69 |
  0-1 | 109 (70.3) | 57 (67.9) | 166 (69.5) |  |
  2-4 | 46 (29.7) | 27 (32.1) | 73 (30.5) |  |
Comorbidities (mean [s.d.]) | 4.8 (2.6) | 4.9 (2.6) | 4.9 (2.6) | 0.82 |
Baseline step counts | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Step counts (mean [s.d.]) | 3484 (2309) | 3521 (2058) | 3497 (2220) | 0.90 |