Table 2 Factors associated with asthma attack and visiting an emergency room/hospital because of asthma during the past 12 months in individuals with asthma, Saudi Arabia, 2013

0.76

0.59–0.96

NA

-

Sex

Male

Ref

-

Ref

-

Female

0.77

0.36–1.63

NA

-

Education

Primary or less

Ref

-

Ref

-

Elementary/high

0.66

0.25–1.75

0.45

0.22–0.96

College or higher

0.37

0.14–1.02

0.26

0.11–0.62

Medication for asthma

Never used

Ref

-

Ref

-

Current use

9.14

3.29–25.38

2.53

1.01–6.34

Previous use

1.74

0.71–4.25

0.64

0.24–1.70

Smoking status

Never smoker

Ref

-

Ref

-

Former smoker

0.52

0.17–1.61

0.39

0.15–0.97

Current smoker

NA

-

NA

-

Secondhand smoke exposure

Unexposed

Ref

-

Ref

-

Exposed

2.17

1.05–4.45

1.37

0.62–2.99

Body mass index (kg/m²)

18.5–24.9, Normal

Ref

-

Ref

-

<18.5, Underweight

NA

-

3.95

0.83–18.92

25–29.9, Overweight

2.28

0.84–6.18

NA

-

30 or more, Obese

3.01

1.34–6.78

NA

-