Table 5 Healthcare resource utilization outcomes in the subsequent period by FVC% change group

Rate of IPF-related outpatient visits

2.24

2.57

2.55

1.14 (0.89–1.46)

0.99 (0.76–1.30)

1.15 (0.91–1.45)

 Unscheduled and/or urgent care

0.18

0.38

0.54

3.01 (1.51–5.97)

1.41 (0.78–2.55)

2.13 (1.05–4.34)

 For a suspected AEx

0.19

0.33

0.54

2.81 (1.47–5.40)

1.64 (0.86–3.11)

1.72 (0.80–3.69)

 Prednisone

1.06

1.16

1.60

1.51 (1.08–2.10)

1.38 (1.02–1.86)

1.10 (0.79–1.52)

 Azathioprine

0.36

0.31

0.54

1.51 (0.78–2.93)

1.72 (0.84–3.53)

0.88 (0.44–1.76)

 N-acetylcysteine

0.65

0.70

0.79

1.22 (0.79–1.89)

1.13 (0.67–1.90)

1.08 (0.69–1.70)

 Arterial blood gas test

0.17

0.23

0.34

2.04 (0.77–5.38)

1.46 (0.53–4.03)

1.40 (0.55–3.56)

 HRCT

0.23

0.35

0.35

1.55 (0.74–3.21)

1.02 (0.45–2.31)

1.51 (0.76–2.99)

 Chest X-ray

0.48

0.66

0.60

1.23 (0.75–2.02)

0.90 (0.55–1.48)

1.36 (0.84–2.20)

 Lung biopsy

0.03

0.04

0.01

0.44 (0.02–8.70)

0.31 (0.02–4.91)

1.42 (0.13–15.70)

 Pulmonary rehabilitation

0.18

0.19

0.26

1.44 (0.79–2.63)

1.35 (0.58–3.11)

1.07 (0.52–2.23)

Rate of IFP-related ER visits

0.35

0.54

0.53

1.53 (0.71–3.28)

0.98 (0.51–1.87)

1.56 (0.66–3.71)

 For a suspected AEx

0.13

0.22

0.29

2.22 (0.95–5.21)

1.32 (0.60–2.87)

1.69 (0.67–4.27)

 Arterial blood gas test

0.15

0.35

0.33

2.24 (1.01–4.99)

0.95 (0.45–2.00)

2.36 (1.01–5.49)

 HRCT

0.09

0.18

0.20

2.17 (0.85–5.58)

1.09 (0.37–3.22)

1.99 (0.60–6.67)

 Chest X-ray

0.20

0.28

0.30

1.51 (0.69–3.32)

1.10 (0.55–2.21)

1.37 (0.61–3.09)

 Supplemental oxygen therapy

0.17

0.23

0.29

1.74 (0.73–4.14)

1.26 (0.52–3.04)

1.39 (0.46–4.20)

Rate of IPF-related hospitalizations

0.24

0.32

0.61

2.53 (0.70–9.10)

1.89 (0.94–3.78)

1.34 (0.34–5.29)

 For a suspected AEx

0.09

0.21

0.43

4.69 (1.84–11.99)

2.05 (1.03–4.08)

2.29 (0.82–6.35)

 Rate of hospital days

1.13

2.32

5.25

4.63 (1.31–16.42)

2.27 (0.86–5.97)

2.05 (0.66–6.33)

 Rate of ICU stays

0.05

0.17

0.26

4.95 (1.20–20.41)

1.53 (0.59–3.99)

3.23 (0.72–14.53)

 Rate of ICU days

0.30

0.69

1.22

4.05 (0.79–20.91)

1.75 (0.58–5.35)

2.31 (0.54–9.83)

 Arterial blood gas test

0.10

0.19

0.35

3.58 (1.33–9.64)

1.87 (0.73–4.80)

1.92 (0.61–6.00)

 Mechanical ventilation

0.04

0.11

0.14

3.29 (0.63–17.23)

1.33 (0.38–4.70)

2.47 (0.57–10.73)

 Non-invasive ventilation

0.02

0.08

0.22

10.17 (3.25–31.86)

2.80 (1.05–7.51)

3.63 (0.90–14.70)

 Supplemental oxygen therapy

0.07

0.13

0.28

3.95 (1.38–11.29)

2.11 (0.93–4.82)

1.87 (0.62–5.66)

Risk of having ≥1 outpatient visit

97.5 %

97.3 %

95.0 %

0.48 (0.14–1.62)

0.52 (0.12–2.20)

0.93 (0.23–3.76)

 Unscheduled or urgent care

11.4 %

26.9 %

34.5 %

4.10 (1.95–8.63)

1.43 (0.69–2.98)

2.87 (1.39–5.92)

 For a suspected AEx

12.7 %

21.9 %

33.8 %

3.52 (1.62–7.67)

1.82 (0.82–4.05)

1.93 (0.90–4.15)

Risk of having ≥1 ER visit

14.4 %

29.4 %

32.4 %

2.85 (1.36–5.98)

1.15 (0.53–2.52)

2.47 (1.22–5.03)

 For a suspected AEx

7.8 %

16.7 %

22.1 %

3.33 (1.40–7.94)

1.42 (0.57–3.54)

2.35 (0.98–5.65)

Risk of having ≥1 hospitalizations

7.8 %

19.1 %

30.0 %

5.04 (2.13–11.93)

1.82 (0.71–4.66)

2.76 (1.14–6.70)

 Intensive care unit (ICU) stay

2.4 %

8.4 %

12.4 %

5.86 (1.43–24.01)

1.56 (0.41–5.90)

3.77 (0.88–16.03)

 For a suspected AEx

5.9 %

15.1 %

27.8 %

6.08 (2.45–15.07)

2.16 (0.84–5.54)

2.81 (1.10–7.20)