Table 3 Multivariable analysis models of pulmonary function abnormalities and airway wall thickness with participant characteristics and inflammatory markers

COPD phenotype

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

 Pack-years smoked, per pack-year

1.05 (1.02-1.08)

p = 0.003

 Age, per year

1.07 (1.01-1.14)

p = 0.03

Asthma phenotype

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

 Female vs. male

5.48 (1.78-16.9)

p = 0.003

 Age, per year

0.95 (0.91-0.99)

p = 0.04

 Smoking history, per pack-years

1.03 (1.00-1.06)

p = 0.04

 Adiponectin, per ln(ng/mL)

0.98 (0.96-0.99)

p = 0.01

Airway wall thickness

Coef. (95 % CI)

p-value

 Body mass index, per kg/m²

0.39 (0.23-0.54)

p < 0.001

 Age, per year

-0.13 (-0.22-0.05)

p = 0.003

 Former smoker vs. never smoker

-3.76 (-6.34-1.18)

p = 0.005

 Current smoker vs. never smoker

-3.21 (-5.57-0.86)

p = 0.008

 Ever used cocaine vs. never used cocaine

-2.35 (-4.60-0.10)

p = 0.04

 soluble CD163, per ln (ng/mL)

2.95 (1.26-4.64)

p = 0.001

 CD4+ T-cells, per 100 cell/μL

0.27 (0.01-0.52)

p = 0.04