White matter lesions characterise brain involvement in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but cerebral atrophy does not

Table 3 Group differences in white matter lesion characteristics

	Controls (N = 24)		Patients (N = 31)		Difference
Volume of White Matter Lesions (% TIV)	Median	IQR	Median	IQR	Statistic	p
Frontal Lobe	0.07	0.10	0.09	0.42	1.7543¹	0.7654^1b
Temporal Lobe	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	1.0198¹	1.0000^1b
Parietal Lobe	0.06	0.23	0.13	0.68	−0.3707²	1.0000^2b
Occipital Lobe	0.05	0.12	0.02	0.09	0.4717²	1.0000^2b
Whole-Brain	0.40	0.43	0.85	1.41	5.3415¹	0.0249¹*
Number of White Matter Lesions
Frontal Lobe	15	17	20	24	1.3897¹	0.9761^1b
Temporal Lobe	8	10	12	10	1.8966¹	0.6979^1b
Parietal Lobe	10	11	9	11	0.1393¹	1.0000^1b
Occipital Lobe	3	3	2	2	0.5737¹	1.0000^2b
Whole-Brain	51	35	59	45	0.7688¹	0.3847¹
Average Size of White Lesions (mm³)
Frontal Lobe	55	107	61	135	0.5360¹	1.0000^1b
Temporal Lobe	8	11	10	150	−0.3989²	1.0000^2b
Parietal Lobe	39	277	156	788	0.0499¹	1.0000^1b
Occipital Lobe	298	777	146	558	0.1311¹	1.0000^1b
Whole-Brain	91	163	192	232	4.2577²	0.0442¹*

Group comparisons of white matter lesion, size, number and volume across the whole-brain and for each lobe. Age and gender were entered as covariates in all models. Medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) are presented. Statistical tests include ¹ANCOVAs of log₁₀-transformed data showing F-statistics and p-values and ²permutation general linear models (10000 permutations) for which t-statistics (t) and p-values (p) are displayed. ^bBonferroni corrected p-values. *significant at p < 0.05

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