Table 3 Multivariate Cox regression analyses with forward stepwise variable selection method for development of interstitial lung disease during the 9-year follow-up period
From: Risk factors for interstitial lung disease: a 9-year Nationwide population-based study
Risk factor | Males | Females | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
Age group (years) (reference: 40–49) | ||||
50–59 | 2.3 (1.9–2.7) | < 0.001 | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 0.004 |
60–69 | 4.6 (3.9–5.5) | < 0.001 | 3.3 (2.6–4.1) | < 0.001 |
≥70 | 8.1 (6.7–9.7) | < 0.001 | 5.4 (4.3–6.7) | < 0.001 |
Malignancy | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.045 | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.68 |
Diabetes (reference: no) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 0.006 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.38 |
COPD (reference: no) | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) | < 0.001 | 1.9 (1.5–2.4) | < 0.001 |
History of tuberculosis (reference: no) | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | < 0.001 | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | 0.001 |
History of pneumonia (reference: no) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.002 | 1.7 (1.2–2.3) | 0.001 |
Hepatitis C (reference: no) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 0.26 | 2.1 (1.1–3.8) | 0.014 |
GERD (reference: no) | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 0.38 | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 0.013 |
Smoker (reference: never smoker) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.005 |