Fig. 1

Factor selection using the LASSO logistic regression model. a LASSO coefficients of 18 candidate variables. b Identification of the optimal penalization coefficient (λ) in the LASSO model was achieved by 10-fold cross-validation and the minimum criterion. The left vertical line represents the minimum error, and the right vertical line represents the cross-validated error within 1 standard error of the minimum. LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator