Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study subjects
| Â | Non-CKD | CKD |
|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 68.9 ± 11.9 | 77.5 ± 8.4 |
Male [n (%)] | 25,624 (63.4%) | 4275 (62.8%) |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 88.9 ± 14.9 | 44.6 ± 13.6 |
Length of hospital stay (days) | 10 (7, 14) | 10 (6, 13) |
Comorbidity [n (%)] | ||
 Cor pulmonale | 12,889 (31.9%) | 1860 (27.3%) |
 Hypertension | 13,695 (33.9%) | 3621 (53.2%) |
 Myocardial infarction | 1374 (3.4%) | 458 (6.7%) |
 Congestive heart failure | 14,883 (36.8%) | 3195 (46.9%) |
 Peripheral disease | 6192 (15.3%) | 1585 (23.3%) |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 6119 (15.1%) | 1545 (22.7%) |
 Dementia | 239 (0.6%) | 81 (1.2%) |
 Connective tissue disease | 690 (1.7%) | 170 (2.5%) |
 Peptic ulcer disease | 346 (0.9%) | 74 (1.1%) |
 Mild liver disease | 4773 (11.8%) | 1070 (15.7%) |
 Diabetes without end-organ damage | 4774 (11.8%) | 1144 (16.8%) |
 Hemiplegia | 47 (0.1%) | 8 (0.1%) |
 Diabetes with end-organ damage | 604 (1.5%) | 312 (4.6%) |
 Tumor without metastasis | 3139 (7.8%) | 448 (6.6%) |
 Leukemia | 201 (0.5%) | 71 (1.0%) |
 Lymphoma | 87 (0.2%) | 18 (0.3%) |
 Moderate or severe liver disease | 158 (0.4%) | 55 (0.8%) |
 Metastatic solid tumor | 1221 (3.0%) | 225 (3.3%) |
 AIDS | 50 (0.1%) | 4 (0.1%) |
 Charlson Comorbidity Index | 2 (1, 3) | 3 (2, 4) |
Medications [n (%)] | ||
 Antibiotics or antifungal agents | 21,054 (52.1%) | 3705 (54.4%) |
 ACEIs or ARBs | 8034 (19.9%) | 1786 (26.2%) |
 Diureticsa | 8597 (21.3%) | 2123 (31.2%) |
 Vasoactive drugs | 2212 (5.5%) | 683 (10.0%) |