Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of 185 patients according to COPD phenotypes
Characteristic | No. of patients, n 185 | COPD phenotype, n (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NON-AE 108 (58.4) | ACO 26 (14.1) | AE 51 (27.6) | p-value | ||
Age, years (mean ± SD, 95% CI) | 62.5 ±11.9; | 60.5 ± 11.6; | 60.5 ± 14.0; | 67.9 ± 10.0; | 0.001 |
60.8 − 64.3 | 58.3–62.7 | 54.9–66.2 | 65.1–70.7 | ||
Gender, n (%) | |||||
Male | 142 (76.8) | 83 (76.9) | 15 (57.7) | 44 (86.3) | 0.019 |
Female | 43 (23.2) | 25 (23.1) | 11 (42.3) | 7 (13.7) | |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
Malay | 31 (16.8) | 12 (11.1) | 6 (23.1) | 13 (25.5) | 0.161 |
Chinese | 20 (10.8) | 14 (13.0) | 2 (7.7) | 4 (7.8) | |
Native of the state of Sarawak | 134 (72.4) | 82 (75.9) | 18 (69.2) | 34 (66.7) | |
Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
Never smoker | 57 (30.9) | 35 (32.4) | 11 (42.3) | 11 (21.6) | 0.151 |
Ex- or current smoker | 128 (69.1) | 73 (67.6) | 15 (57.7) | 40 (78.4) | |
Biomass fuel exposure, n (%) | 0.249 | ||||
No | 63 (34.1) | 34 (31.5) | 7 (26.9) | 22 (43.1) | |
Yes | 122 (65.9) | 74 (68.5) | 19 (73.1) | 29 (56.9) | |
Risk for COPD, n (%) | 0.430 | ||||
Cigarette smoking | 63 (34.1) | 34 (31.5) | 7 (26.9) | 22 (43.1) | |
Biomass fuel exposure | 49 (26.5) | 31 (28.7) | 10 (38.5) | 8 (15.7) | |
Both | 73 (39.4) | 43 (39.8) | 9 (34.6) | 21 (41.2) | |
Smoking intensity, pack-years (mean ± SD, 95% CI) | 17.1 ±16.9; | 14.3 ± 14.2; | 18.1 ± 19.6; | 22.5 ± 19.5; | 0.016 |
14.7 − 19.6 | 11.6–17.0 | 10.2–26.0 | 17.0–28.0 | ||
PB- FEV1, % (mean ± SD, 95% CI) | 42.8 ±19.5; | 43.6 ± 20.1; | 44.4 ± 17.9; | 40.4 ± 19.3. | 0.566 |
40.0–45.7 | 39.8–47.4 | 37.2–51.7 | 34.9–45.8 | ||
Exacerbations, episode (mean ± SD, 95% CI) | |||||
Total | 1.4 ±2.7; | 0.2 ± 0.4; | 0.2 ± 0.4; | 4.7 ± 3.4; | < 0.001 |
1.0–1.8 | 0.1–0.3 | 0.1–0.4 | 3.8–5.7 | ||
Moderate | 1.1 ±2.2; | 0.2 ± 0.4; | 0.2 ± 0.4; | 3.6 ± 2.9; | < 0.001 |
0.8 − 1.4 | 0.1–0.3 | 0.1–0.4 | 2.8–4.4 | ||
Severe | 0.3 ±0.8; | 0 | 0 | 1.1 ± 1.2; | < 0.001 |
0.2 − 0.4 | – | – | 0.8–1.5 | ||